Religion Makes Women Subservient to Men

Annelore Wolfelt World Religions Mr. Rocco Final Essay: â€Å"Religion Makes Women Subservient to Men† The differences between â€Å"eastern† and â€Å"western† religions are many and varied but there are some fundamental similarities within all religions. One of the common threads that run through almost every religion is that women are made to be subservient to men. The need to control and dominate women is found in both â€Å"eastern† and â€Å"western† religions. Confucianism, Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam all discriminate against women (to varying degrees), by placing women beneath men.Each religion states the need for male dominance over women as a divine order that must and will be obeyed. Women are not featured much in the Bhagavad Gita except as a reference to something else. Therefore based off of classroom sacred text alone it is hard to tell what women’s status is in Hinduism. Although one may look at the lack of women in sacr ed scripture as an obvious sign that women mustn’t be very important if they aren’t even worth mentioning. However in the Laws of Manu, another Hindu scripture, women are briefly referred to.It states that it is women’s nature to â€Å"seduce men in this (world); for that reason the wise are never unguarded in (the company of) females† (2:213). â€Å"For women are able to lead astray in (this) world not only a fool, but even a learned man, and (to make) him a slave of desire and anger† (2:214). Fear of being seduced by a woman and becoming powerless to her is a contributing factor to the need men have to dominate women. This fear that men have of women’s sensuality is a common thread throughout other religions and cultures. Men’s need to control women might stem from the fear that they themselves can be easily controlled by women.In Confucianism we find the idea of equality between men, but that equality is based on a social hierarchy organized by the Five Constant Relationships: 1) sovereign to subjects, 2) father to son, 3) husband to wife, 4) older brother to younger brother and 5) friend to friend (Smith 175). This hierarchy establishes relations of dependency between men, including the duty to offer respect and obedience from those in a lesser position to those in a higher position, as well as the duty to show benevolence from those who hold a position of power over those who don't.The relation between the husband and wife shows the position of the woman as one dominated by the husband within the marriage. In all of the other relationships age and social standing is what decides who will hold the position of power within the relationship. But in the relationship between males and females, age and social standing don’t play the deciding factor of power in the relationship, gender does. By merely being a woman she is automatically given the role of obedience instead of one of power.But in all fairness Confucianism does not show the systematic discrimination against women that is found in western religions. In Christianity women are blatantly made to be the weaker sex. â€Å"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as it is fit in the Lord. †(Colossians 3:18). â€Å"Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing. (1 Timothy 2:11-15) Christians put the full blame of the Fall of Man on Eve, (and therefore all women). Because of this women are seen as easily corruptible and in need of the rule of man. Merely being born a female is seen as some sort of penalty: â€Å"if a woman have conceived seed, and born a man child: then she shall be unclean seven days; according to the days of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean. † (Leviticus 12:2) â€Å"But if she bears a maid child, then she shall be unclean two weeks, as in her separation: and shall continue in the blood of her purifying threescore and six days. (Leviticus 12:5) Since its beginning Christianity has sought to dominate and discriminate women, and it continues to this day with women fighting for their reproductive rights against the Catholic Church. The West has (hypocritically) accused Islam of degrading women, chiefly because Islam permits plurality of wives. But the reality is that Islam gave more rights to women by making a stronger emphasis on the sanctity of marriage, giving girls rights to inheritance and outlawing female infanticide. But that is as far as Islam got to giving females any sort of ‘equality’.Islam states that there is no equality between men and women: â€Å"The wives have rights corresponding to those which the husbands have, according to what is recognized to be fa ir, but men have a rank above them. † (Quran 2:228) Women are still expected to be obedient to men and to serve them out of fear of punishment. â€Å"So virtuous women are obedient and guard in the husband’s absence what God would have them guard. As for those whom you apprehend infidelity, admonish them, then refuse to share their beds, and finally hit them. † (Quran 4:34) Women are not even considered human beings but a man’s property: â€Å"Your wives are your fields.Go, then, into your fields as you will. † (Quran 2:223) The mere fact that women must cover themselves when they are in the presences of males so as to not tempt men (Quran 24:31) puts all of the responsibility on the woman instead of the man. I find it ironic that it is the woman’s fault for being desirable and not the man’s fault for having no self-control. As Simone de Beauvoir said in her book The Second Sex, â€Å"Man enjoys the great advantage of having a god end orse the code he writes; and since man exercises a sovereign authority over women it is especially fortunate that this authority has been vested in him by the Supreme Being.For the Jews, Mohammedans and Christians among others, man is master by divine right; the fear of God will therefore repress any impulse towards revolt in the downtrodden female. † When I am asked if I belong to any religion I say, â€Å"No. † As a female I don’t want to belong to an institution that routinely discriminates, dominates, and exploits women the way these four religions do. Works Cited The Bhagavad Gita. Ed. Betty Radice. Trans. Juan Mascaro. London: Penguin Books, 1962. Print. The New Testament of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.A Revision of the Challoner-Rheims Version. Edited by Catholic Scholars Under the Patronage of The Episcopal Committee of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine. New Jersey: St. Anthony Guild Press Paterson, 1941. Print. Laws of Manu. Trans. George Buhl er. Sacred Texts Archive, 2011. Web. 1 June 2012. http://www. sacred-texts. com/hin/manu. htm Quran. Ed. Farida Khanam. Trans. Maulana Wahiduddin Khan. New Delhi: Goodword Books, 2009. Print Smith, H. The World’s Religions. New York: Harper One, 1991. Print.

Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay

Classified as a hit athletics by many athleticss sawboness the nature of Rugby Union consequences in comparatively high rates of traumatic hurts compared to other athleticss ( Sundaram et. al 2010 ) . Epidemiologic Injury Incidence Rates ( IIR ) demonstrate that participants who miss at least 24hrs of athletics scope from 69-218 incidences per 1000hrs of drama, with more serious IIRs being recorded every bit frequently as 13.26-13.95/1000hrs ( McManus et al. 2004, Garraway et Al. 1995 ) . New Australian epidemiological research of a big cohort of 1475 rugger participants across all degrees of competition ( School boy, amateur, academy, professional ) have found that 14-28 % of entire rugger hurts involve the upper limb ( McManus et al 2008, Usman 2012 ) , specifically 66 % or an IIR of 13.12/1000hrs happening to the shoulder articulation with hurts such as ; Anterior Dislocations and breaks ( Usman et al 2012 ) .These upper limb hurts have been associated with the longest clip out of drama, quantified as more than 4 matches/28days or more, in the Australian survey ( Usman et al 2012 ) . All of this information indicates that upper limb hurts have a really high prevalence in the athletics and are besides rather enfeebling. In comparing to IIRs associated with rugger participants, the general population rates of Anterior disruption are every bit low as 1.7 % ( Boone 2010 ) .Considering this disparity in statistical happening between the 2 populations, the debilitating nature of this hurt to rugby participants and the fact that it is extremely likely to show in a injury puting I have chosen to concentrate the balance of this essay on Anterior Dislocations of the shoulder.Anatomy and MechanismsPrior to discoursing the mechanism of hurt involved with this rugger associated pathology, it is of import to foremost specify what constitutes the normal anatomical constructions of the shoulder articulation.Normal AnatomyThe shoulder articulation allows for the most extende d scopes of motions ( ROM ) in the full organic structure, due chiefly to the building of the GlenoHumeral Joint ( GHJ ) composite. This big freedom of motion depends on stableness of the joint to stay active and is achieved by the inactive and dynamic stabilizers: Inactive stabilizers include ; the glenoid labrum which increases the otic contact country by up to 50 % , the extrinsic coracoacromial arch and intrinsic ligaments linking the humeral caput and the shoulder blade. Dynamic stabilizers include ; the rotator turnup musculuss known jointly as SITS. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Subscapularis. The GHJ and its associated constructions are innervated by the suprascapular, sidelong pecs and alar nervousnesss. The two groups mentioned above work in concurrence to maintain the humeral caput in close articulation with the glenoid pit and supply important stableness in order to supply a usually functioning articulation. ( Moore et al. 2009 )Mechanism of InjuryAs rugger is a hit athletics with several participants at high speed typically involved in any one incident, it is really difficult to determine one definite mechanism of hurt. When questioned participants are frequently obscure on the inside informations of the mechanism, but it is reported that contact ( e.g. tackle state of affairss ) is responsible for 70 % of GHJ hurts ( Usman et al 2012 ) with foul drama merely being responsible for 6 % ( Crichton et al. 2012 ) .This is no surprise as tackling has been shown to be a major portion of the game with about 330 incidents per game ( Sundaram et al 2010 ) . Queerly neverthele ss undertaking when measured with the usage of force tablets does non exercise a high plenty force to do hurt to the constructions in the shoulder. Usman et Al ( 2011 ) measured proper technique tackle forces utilizing dominant and non-dominant shoulders both in the lab and on the field. The findings demonstrated that undertaking merely produced half the sum of force necessary to do traumatic harm to the shoulder. Therefore there is more elements to the mechanism of GHJ hurt than merely force via undertaking entirely. Subsequently surveies have made usage of picture analysis to reexamine a big base of GHJ hurts in order to set up a mechanism of hurt. It was found that there are three classical places ( c. f. appendix I ) in which GHJ occurs in rugger ; The try-scorer: diving and making with the arm flexed above 90A ° Tackler: Abducted arm driven behind the participant with a ensuing posterior force Direct Impact: Impact to shoulder from hit or land. Slightly flexed or impersonal with some internal rotary motion ( Crichton et al 2012 ) The Try-scorer and tackler were the most common groups for labral and humeral caput hurts happening in Antereoinferior GHJ disruptions, as the caput of the humerus is affected by a lever action from force transmitted through the arm in the wrong place ( Crichton et al 2012 ) . This illustrates that it is non undertaking that is the cause of hurt but more so wrong technique during a tackle or in contact with the land. The beginning of this improper technique is likely to be due to tire happening during the game. Tackling was shown to be a fatiguing activity as less force was produced with each tackle repeat when measured ( Usman et al. 2011 ) Fatigue has besides been shown to hold a negative consequence on an jock ‘s propioception or joint place sense ( JPS ) . As fatigue addition mechanoreceptors around the GHJ musculuss can non accurately describe JPS. Consequently during contact the jock will non hold their GHJ in the optimum place to absorb the force ensuing in hurt such as those described above from less effectual tackling ( Herrington 2008 and 2010, Sundaram et al 2010, Usman et al 2011 ) .Repetitive overloading of the inactive stabilizers through wrong undertaking technique can besides do incompetency of the GHJ taking to micro injury over clip and finally sprain/dislocation of the joint ( Goldberg et al 2003 ) .Other hazard factors that have besides been shown to be lending factors include ; accomplishment, playing experience, equipment, old hurts, playing place and degree of competition ( Usman et al 2011 )PathoanatomyIn Antereoinferior GHJ dislocations the humeral caput is forced down through the deficient inferior capsule and anteriorly due to the boney blocks of the acromial process, coracoid procedure and its tie ining ligament ensuing in a complete tear and rupture of the capsule in most instances. Equally good as the ligamentous capsule hurt there is besides associated harm to both soft tissue and bone ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . With respects t o soft tissue injury the most common pathoanatomy of soft tissue is a Bankart lesion ( Boone et al 2010 ) . This is a withdrawal of the anteroinferior Labrum and Inferior GH ligament with a farther 50 % of these showing with associated break of the Anterior rim of the glenoid pit ( Boone et al 2010 ) . Both of these occur when the humeral caput is forced out of the pit during disruption. If non treated decently, these lesions will take to a chronic instability in the accomplished shoulder, taking to recurrent disruptions as is seen in 21.5 % of incidences during the first lucifer after return to play ( Usman et al 2012 ) . Perennial disruptions are common in rugger due to a figure of factors such as early return to play, non-surgical intervention with stableness and other factors mentioned above in mechanisms. Recurrence causes the figure of constructions involved and the badness to increase dramatically.The figure of Anterioinferior labral lesions addition ( Doo-sup et al. , 2010 ) , Osseous Bankart lesions besides increase up to 56-86 % with perennial dislocators combined with a 67-100 % likeliness of besides holding a Hill-Sachs break ( Boone et al. , 2010, Beran et al. , 2010 ) . Hills-Sachs lesions occur on the postereo-lateral caput of the humerus as it impacts on the glenoid pit.PresentationHistoryOn showing to A & A ; E the patient will more than probably describe one of the three scenarios above, saying that their arm was abducted and externally rotated at the clip of contact. They will besides describe to holding felt a faux pas and â€Å" dead † shoulder after the incident ( Goldberg et al. , 2003 ) . The other chief symptom showing with a disjointed shoulder are terrible hurting and reduced scope of gesture. The patient will besides keep their arm guarded in little abduction and external rotary motion.ExaminationExpression: The patient will look to hold really small ROM when discasing. The shoulder will look â€Å" squared off † with loss of deltoid contour. Feel: The humeral caput is tangible anteriorly in the subcoracoid part. It is besides of import to compare bilateral radial pulsations to govern out vascular hurt and to prove the alar nervus in the ‘regimental badge mark ‘ over the deltoid bilaterally. Move: Active motion ; the patient is unable to finish Apley ‘s abrasion trial, i.e. touch opposite shoulder, opposite shoulder blade, back of the cervix. In Passive motion the patient will defy abduction and internal rotary motion. Imagination: This must be done to govern out differential diagnosings of clavicular or humeral breaks. A shoulder injury series should besides be ordered Pre and Post decrease. An AP or alar X raies are the most suitable for Anterior disruptions. Post decrease movies are highly of import as 37.5 % of breaks such Hills-Sachs are seeable that would hold been missed Pre-reduction. ( Thomas et al. 2007 )Treatment and RecoverySuitable analgesia and musculus relaxants should be selected, nevertheless intra-articular injections of lignocaine have been associated with fewer complications and decreased corsets than traditional IV opiate analgesia ( Wakai et al 2011 ) . The following measure is to instantly cut down the shoulder, as a successful decrease is normally associated with a pronounced decrease in hurting. A ‘clunk ‘ may be observed either palpably or audibly as the humeral caput re-enters the glenoid pit. Nerve map should be assessed anterior to and post-reduction over th e regimental spot country of the shoulder. This is done to measure if the alar nervus was damaged during decrease of the joint. Afterwards the shoulder should so be immobilised ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . Post-reduction tends to mean the terminal of the A & A ; E staff ‘s engagement with the disruption before discharge nevertheless it must be considered if the patient needs an orthopedic referral. In the presence of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions surgical intercession is frequently warranted as it is a cause of GHJ instability and a major hazard factor for return. In the bomber group of immature hit participants careful consideration is needed when taking the right process. Open processs are frequently favoured due to a high return rate of 89 % with some arthroscopic operations in contact athletics jocks ( Boone et al 2010, Golberg et al 2003 ) .The unfastened Latarjet-Pette process demonstrates good consequences in some tests with no return and a full return to rugby in 65 % of patients ( Neyton et al 2012 ) . Recovery clip so consists of 4 hebdomads of immobilization in a sling with 0 grades external rotary motion, after which beef uping exercisings can be introduced ( Jolles et al 2004, Auffarth et al 2008, Boone et al 2010 ) .New inventionsRecent research in the orthopedic field has led to the usage of thrombocyte rich plasma ( PRP ) in the intervention of sinew, ligament and bone pathologies. The intervention involves utilizing an autologous blood dressed ore injected straight into the damaged tissue. The hypothesis is that the increased thrombocyte derived growing factors from the dressed ore will rush up the healing procedure. Presently there is non adequate grounds to back up this technique as there are really few RCTs with PRP usage on shoulders. Consequences are inconclusive as different concentrations of thrombocytes and different protocols have been used across different surveies. However as the grounds base grows it may be a valuable clinical tool in the hereafter ( Ujash et al 2012, Hall et al 2009 ) The usage of shoulder tablets in rugger has besides been investigated. When tackle forces with and without tablets were measured merely a non-significant decrease in force was observed. This leads to them exposing similar rates of hurt with lone superficial tissues being protected ( Usman et al 2011 ) .Future research could hence be aimed at doing more effectual shoulder pads/straps that do non alter the authorization of the game as set by the IRB. CAT osteoabsorptiometry has besides been used to measure the chronic effects rugby imposes on the GHJ. This technique tracks mineral denseness measured in Haunsfield units over the glenoid fossa country. Rugby participants compared to the controls, have a Posteroinferior displacement in mineralisation which was observed with 40 % of rugby topics exhibiting an inferior boney glenoid lesion ( Kawasaki et al 2012 ) . These findings may be utile in testing persons to supply trim intervention in order to forestall chronic instability later in life every bit good as decelerating the patterned advance of degenerative arthritis.DecisionsIn drumhead ague anterior disruptions of the shoulder are rather common in rugby participants with rates greatly transcending those of the general population. The mechanism is besides really variable as surveies have demonstrated at least three common ways it can happen. Dislocation is besides seldom unsophisticated with both soft tissues and bone constructio ns involved as in the instance of Bankart and Hills-Sachs lesions, or even damage to the alar nervus doing deltoid palsy and loss of abduction. These factors combined with the particular consideration necessary for the sub-population of immature hit jocks, can greatly act upon intervention and must be taken into history for successful intervention of this traumatic event.Appendix( Crichton et al 2012 )

Impact of Eve Teasing in the Society of Bangladesh

Impact of Eve teasing in the society of Bangladesh: By: S. khan joy Email: [email  protected] com Now Eve teasing is one of the main threats for Bangladesh because it is destroying the social balance. Eve teasing might seem harmless ‘fun' to some, but gets the nerve of the victims. The severe impact of eve teasing is taking away the lives of young girls as Bangladesh has witnessed recently.Based on empirical study (2008) the Hunger Project has identified some impacts of eve teasing in the society of rural Bangladesh. These are: a) Curtailed education: Sexual harassment increases girls' drop-out rate from school. Parents concerned about their daughter's honour or safety sometimes keep their daughters home and/or marry them off at an early age. b) Early marriage: Girls who are teased or harassed are also pushed into marriage, before they are physically or mentally prepared. ) Hindered development: Eve teasing contributes to maintaining the low status of women. It also hinders w omen in participating in the formal employment sector. As nearly half of the population of the country are women, for the economic development of the country their participation in employment is a must. d) Eve teasing† leads to young woman’s suicide in Bangladesh: RVEYING the newspapers over the last few months we must have to be shocked realising the unprecedented rate of suicide cases among the young girls due to eve teasing.As reported in the newspapers in the recent past Nurina, Elora, Simi, Trisha, Tonni, Swapna, Tithi, Rumi committed suicide to escape the cruelty of stalkers' repression. Over the last four months, as reported in The Daily Star, fourteen girls, due to repression of stalkers, opted for ultimate destiny of their lives finding no other alternatives. Apart from suicide, one statistics has revealed that during January-July 2008 period only, about 13,000 women became victims of eve teasing of different forms across the country.This figure counted only th e reported cases. Many occurrences remain unreported as the majority of the victims of eve teasing prefer to ignore this out of fear or not to be ‘disgraced' or part of a social ‘gossip'. The situation has become so alarming that, in general, it can be argued that at present no girl has been spared from being a victim of eve teasing in one form or another.

The 1998 Repeal of Glass Steagall ( 1933) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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What comparisons do the calculations of financial ratios enable us to Essay

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Procurement and Delivery Strategies Research Paper

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Risk Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New Testament - Essay Example The purpose of such a fulfillment is the witness of the disciple being taught that he or she should be salt and light. The foundational basis for witness is heart attitude or beatitude as popularly known. Eight attitudes of blessedness or four pairs are given to the disciple, which will cause them to be the influence they need to be, while enjoying blessedness. Verse 5 is just one of the eight stating, â€Å"Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth.† Jesus or the gospel writer reporting Jesus goes directly to basic precept of being an influence for maximum impact and recall, and then builds the argument in a manner which is recognizable to any Jew of that day, with the purpose of testimony and Christ likeness placed consequent to the basic precepts of life being elucidated. B. Form of this passage: The content and form of this passage is a typical of a sermon by Jesus where he reads out a text and then sits down, whereby he invites them for a closer look into what he has spoken about. In terms of the source there is only a single obvious parallel of this verse and style, which is in Luke 6 (Though closer scrutiny shows connectivity to many writing of the OT). Based on the two source theory, if disciple Matthew and Doctor Luke had sources for these it would have been ‘Q’ and not Mark. â€Å"The evidence points to the fact that both Matthew and Luke were referring to the same passage. â€Å"Luke 6:17 means a "plateau" in a mountainous area 21 and there are striking similarities between the two sermons, then how do we reconcile Matthew's "Blessed are the poor in spirit" and Luke's "Blessed are the poor"? Must one be more historical than the other on the basis of redaction critical criteria? Not on the basis of an evangelical use of the tools. Matthew is emphasizing the spiritual side and Luke the economic side of the same original saying. In other words, both are equally historical.† (Osborne, 199) C. Structure: While paral lelism is a Hebraic poetic style and The New Testament is written in Greek it must not be forgotten that it is quoting Jesus who is from a Hebraic cultural milieu. Hebraic poetic parallelism does not use rhyming words but rhyming ideas and there is great merit in seeing Matthew 5:3-10 through this lens D. Redaction: While redaction refers to the author acting as an editor to suit the original content to his own objectives for writing, it does not necessarily mean that the content is rendered corrupt. If this argument is to be based on the two-source theory, then there is the possibility that Matthew arranged chapter 5 to show logical continuity of the Old Testament in the new historical setting to set Jesus above the pharisaic figures and the pharisaic teachings. This is well stated by Robert Imperato â€Å" While Pharisees were claiming that their lifestyle and teachings were the fulfillment of Jewish life, Matthew’s Gospel was claiming that Jesus was the fulfillment of Jew ish life (Imperato, 16) E. Keywords: From the point of view that Matthew has used parallelism, the keywords of 5:5 would be â€Å"Meek† and â€Å"Inherit the earth†. The other keyword that needs to be considered is â€Å"Blessed† in terms the context of the passage as well as the verse being exegeted. These words then have to be understood in terms of it’

Knowledge Managemenet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge Managemenet - Essay Example The essay will further analyse the function and role of learning organisation. Further, the cases of various real-life learning organisation would be discussed along with the probable challenges, so as to recommend how an organisation can transform into a learning organisation. Peter Senge and his fifth disciple for learning organisations The concept of learning organisation has been coined by Peter Senge and his associates. It assist organisation to shift towards an interconnected mode of thinking. According to this concept, the organisations should be like communities, towards which employees are committed. There should be a drive to work harder and achieve recognition within the employees. Organisation cannot be drastically restructured into learning organisations, but it is the changes in policies that bring about a gradual transformation (Senge, 1990). Peter Senge has stated in an interview that in learning organisations people work in group to attain group goals and enhance the capabilities of the organisation. He popularised this concept through his book called The Fifth Disciple (Infed., 2013a, 2013b). Figure 1: The Fifth Discipline Source: (Author’s Creation) There are certain characteristics that a learning organisation must possess. Firstly, system thinking must exist in an organisation. This framework assists employees to understand businesses as bounded objects. System thinking encourages every characteristics or information in an organisation to be apparent, so that goals can be achieved transparently. Secondly, personal mastery that is the commitment of individuals towards their work is important. Staff training Individual learning and development is a competitive advantage for the firm. Thirdly, the mental modes, which are the assumption of the individuals, decide what perception the employees have for the organisation (Senge, 1990). Fourthly, there must be shared vision in the organisation to motivate the employees for attaining group go als. Last but not the least, an environment of team learning is necessary that will increase the capacity to solve problems faster in an organisation (Infed., 2013a, 2013b). Challenges to Transform into a Learning Organisation It has been stated in the book called The Dance of Change that there are various reasons as to why an organisation might face trouble in transforming into a learning organisation. The first issue might be that the organisation lacks enough time. The management and the employees in the organisation have other significant issues to ponder over than trying to bring about a change in the organisational culture. It might happen that the employees or teams cannot spare time for training and change management process within the organisation (Senge et. al., 1999). The organisation might not be having appropriate expertise workforce to transform the work place into a learning organisation (Senge, 1990). In such case an appropriate solution, mentors and training program mes are required. Time is the most significant element that is required because a comprehensive discussion on the actual issues should be done, problems should be discussed and training programmes should be linked in order to make the transformation process easier. However, challenges like convincing older employees for training and learning processes and co-ordinating human resource, operations and resources give rise to

Workplace related issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Workplace related issues - Research Paper Example Many factors affect workers at the work place. With the growing business world, more opportunities are presented for employees to venture into; hence, the management is left with no choice but to find means of making sure that the employees are satisfied with the working conditions. These issues at a glance appear minor, but in the actual projection, they determine a great deal the motivation and efficiency of the worker (Hancock & Szalma, 2008). These issues range from the office design, office layout, the furniture in the office and the lighting systems. The services provided to the employees, such as refreshments, recreation facilities, health care plans and the rules and regulations as well as the policies of the organization (Hancock & Szalma, 2008). The level of interaction with the management and the influence of technology on the employees are also major issues. The employers are thus in the run to provide quality environment and services to the employees in order to be able to keep them for tomorrow. The ego of the employees determines a lot their motivation, and since the worker spends most of his or her lifetime at work, it is true that the quality of the place of work will affect the employee’s ego. A well-designed office, well built, partitioned and painted is a key motivator to a person’s attitude towards the work (Hancock & Szalma, 2008). For instance, if the work designated requires privacy for the employee, and the office does not provide such, the worker may feel an easy while executing their duty hence underperforming. A good design of building attracts and motivates the employee to stay around and provides essential factor for enhancing the creativity and innovative skills of an employee. The human mind is such that it makes preferences over color, and this generally affects the attitude of an individual towards a place. If the office is painted in such colors that the worker does not like, this will cause them to be de-motivat ed to stay in the office. Thus, it is important for the office to be painted in standard colors. The lighting system also matters a lot. A dimly lit room will cause low mood and negative attitude to the worker, toward the work. A moderately brightly lit office provides a serene working atmosphere hence motivating the employee to work. The arrangement of the office equipment and furniture is another key determinant factor to the attitude of the employee towards the office (Burke & Witt, 2002). A shabbily organized office will represent a job that is not taken seriously. The workers will tend to dislike the office hence this will affect his or her concentration in work, resulting to poor results. The furnishing of the office also affects the attitude of the worker towards their job. An office with old and shaggy looking office furniture will discourage the worker. For instance if the furniture is old and rugged, the employee who is expected to sit on them for most of the hours of his day will definitely not look forward to a new day at work. They as a result will just come to work for the pay but not to give quality work as is expected of them (Hancock & Szalma, 2008). The worker will do a job that is as good as the environment allows him or her to do. However, if the furniture is of quality, every worker will enjoy being at their workstation. In addition, they will be motivated to put in their best efforts and skills to work, since the setting is comfortable. A healthy health is essential for an individual to deliver quality service in all areas of life. An ailing person is not in a good state of mind

Darko Suvins Metamorphoses of Science Fiction Essay Example for Free

Darko Suvins Metamorphoses of Science Fiction Essay

The History And Role Of External Auditors Accounting Essay

The History And Role Of External Auditors Accounting Essay The first part of the assignment will look at the role of the external auditors, and the history of auditing will be briefly discussed. Then the second part will look at fraud, its definition, examples of fraud and the implications of fraud. Then finally before concluding the impact of International Auditing Standards on external auditors will be discussed. According to Arens et al. (2003) the auditor is responsible for planning and performing the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether this is caused by error or fraud. They also state that because of the nature of the audit evidence and the characteristics of fraud, the auditor is able to obtain reasonable but not absolute assurance that material misstatements are detected. The auditor has no responsibility to plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance that misstatement, whether caused by errors or fraud, that are not material to the financial statements are detected. (Arens et al., 2003) Mclnnes and Stevenson (1997) stated that even though the law doesnt identify the detection of fraud as the primary objective of the external audit, the general public perceive the external auditor as being the main defence against corporate fraud. Due to the nature of auditing and its inherent limitations, fraud is difficult to detect for many reasons. First it can be committed by people who are familiar with accounting procedures and can cover it up. According to the APB (1995) auditors simply do not possess all the necessary skills to detect fraud. Wells (1993) explains that there is a built in conflict since the auditors have to investigate people who indirectly hired them, the upper management. Monroe and Woodliff (1994) describe how the ability of the external auditor to detect fraud has come under increasing scrutiny and auditors are under considerable pressure to accept legal responsibility for detecting material fraud. Glover et al. (2006) propose that the external auditors rely on internal auditors to different extents depending upon task subjectivity. And they go on to suggest that the external auditors are hesitant in some settings to rely on internal auditors work. Gramling et al. (2004) clarify that because reliance on internal audit can affect nature, timing, and extent of the annual audit program, discretion should be utilised when determining if reliance on internal audit work will increase the efficiency of the audit, yet not compromise quality. Carcello et al. (2005) suggest that internal auditors interaction with audit committees has significantly increased since SOX. External auditors, on the other hand, are not able to embed themselves as deeply within their clients daily operations. External auditors also have limited exposure to the client compared to internal auditors because their role is typically performed during only a few months of the year. Smith et al (2005) explain that in the Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99 by AICPA, it is stated that because fraud is usually concealed, material misstatements due to fraud are difficult to detect. This hints that auditors need to consider events that indicate the existence of incentives/pressures to perpetrate fraud, opportunities to carry out the fraud or attitudes/rationalisations to justify a fraudulent action. These are referred to as fraud risk factors and are identified in the fraud triangle. Smith et al (2005) also suggest that because auditing poses potential risk factors for auditors, the assessment of the risks of errors and fraud are vital when planning an audit. In making risk assessments for fraud, auditors should keep in mind that fraud typically includes three characteristics, which are identified as the fraud triangle: The Fraud Triangle (by Ilter, 2010) Montgomery, et al. (2002) explains that three conditions are generally present when fraud occurs, these are: Incentive/Pressure: Pressures or incentives on management to materially misstate the financial statements, Fraud Triangle Opportunity: Circumstances that provide an opportunity to carry out material misstatement in the financial statements, Attitude/Rationalisation: An attitude, character or set of ethical values that allows one or more individuals to knowingly and intentionally commit a dishonest act, or a situation in which individuals are able to rationalise committing a dishonest act. Understanding and considering the likeliness of fraud in the context of these three conditions will enhance the evaluation of information about fraud (Montgomery, et al., 2002). This will provide the auditor with more professional scepticism when assessing fraud risk. Auditors are advised to consider the clients receptiveness to fraud, regardless of the auditors past experience with the client or prior assessments about managements honesty and integrity (Heim, 2002). History The demand for both external and internal auditing is sourced in the need to have some means of independent verification to reduce record-keeping errors, asset misappropriation, and fraud within business and non-business organisations. The origin of auditing goes back to times scarcely less remote than that of accountingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Whenever the advance of civilisation brought about the necessity of one man being intrusted to some extent with the property of another, the advisability of some kind of check upon the fidelity of the former would become apparent. (Mautz Sharaf, 1961) The purpose of an external audit has been viewed as a public service since the 1800s (Langenderfer, 1987). This role was further confirmed during the 1930s when the US Securities and Exchange Commission was formed to monitor the trading process after the crash of 1929. Wallace (1987) and Watts and Zimmerman (1986) have described the auditor as an economic agent who serves as a monitor and a form of insurance for investors and regulators. In other words, according to agency theory, auditors play a key role in the relationship between owners and their representatives both the board of directors and management. Wallace and Parker (1991) point out that by 1948, fraud and error detaction was ranked as a lesser audit objective. They also describe how the audit focus has changed, they state that because auditing has moved away from the audit of persons to the audit of financial statements, it does not seek to detect corruption but to lend credibility to financial statements. (Wallace and Parker, 1991) According to Lee (1986), the main reasons for the change in the audit objectives include the increased awareness of the needs of capital market participants for independently verified reports and the increased acceptance by company management of its responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud and error Fraud(Definition and examples) Definition Fraud can be described as a crime of obtaining money or some other benefit by deliberate deception. In auditing, fraud occurs when a misstatement is made and there is both the knowledge of its falsity and the intent to deceive. Vanasco (1998) explained that fraud includes intentional deception of irregularities and illegal acts. Alleyne and Howard (2005) suggested that fraud included intentional deception, cheating and stealing. There are two types of fraud in auditing, namely misappropriation of assets (defalcation) and management fraud (Arens et al., 2008). Misappropriation of assets, commonly termed as employee fraud, is characterised by assets being stolen from the company (Albrecht and Romney, 1986). Management fraud the second type of fraud is essentially fraudulent financial reporting or misapplication of accounting principles. Palshikar (2002) describes how fraud is amongst the most serious corporate problems and challenges in todays business environment. He also goes on to suggest that fraud is a dominant white collar crime in todays business environment, and that amongst many businesses and government organisations, financial services experience different kinds of fraud. Examples of Fraud There are many examples of fraud across the world, such as WorldCom, Enron, Satyam, Xerox and Waste management. But for the purpose of this assignment I will only focus on WorldCom. One of the largest frauds in corporate history, $11 billion. (Teather, 2005) Trouble began at WorldCom when they failed to meet the revenue expectations communicated earlier to the investment community. In 2004, the CFO pleaded guilty stating that he and the CEO met concerning the problem. The CEO refused to meet with the investment community to announce the shortfall. Rather, the CFO said he was instructed by the CEO to fix the problem. Allegations are that the CEO was keenly aware of the likely impact on share price and was more concerned about $400 million he had personally borrowed from WorldCom secured by WorldCom stock (Padgett, 2002). Over a five-year period, accountants at WorldCom systematically altered records, often after the books were closed, to meet analysts expectations. According to the WorldCom indictment, CEO Ebbers, CFO Sullivan and others created a process called close the gap which identified improper accounting adjustments and then instructed staff to carry out the manipulations. Initially reserves were used to absorb expenses. When the reserves ran out a variety of accounting frauds were used to enhance revenues and decrease expenses. Unlike Enron, this did not involve manipulation of complex accounting rules, but rather a straight-forward capitalisation of expenses. Accounting managers were given promotions, raises, and made to feel responsible for the likely collapse of the stock price if they did not manipulate the books (Pulliam, 2003). The WorldCom corporate culture encouraged unethical behaviour both by appealing to individuals sense of promoting the greatest common good for the workers, shareholders, and community and by raising fears of losing their jobs if they did not comply with requests to falsify records. WorldCom staff knew it was wrong and went along with the schemes anyway (Pulliam, 2003). Again, an individual, Cynthia Cooper, blew the whistle to the audit committee and started the resulting disclosure of the fraudulent financial practices (Ripley, 2002). Following WorldComs failure and scandals, studies have demonstrated that Bernard Ebbers and Scott Sullivan, the CEO and CFO of the organisation at that time, had created an organisational ideology, or culture, in which leaders and managers were not to be doubted or questioned (Scharff 2005). Rezaee (2002) determines how CRIME can be used to explain financial statement fraud. Below is a model of CRIME: Source: Rezaee (2002) Cooks, in most of the cases, are the people who participate in financial statement fraud, these can be senior management such as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Recipes are fraudulent schemes, which the management of the companies have used for their cooking. These can be Improper Related-Party Sales Transactions, Illegitimate Sales Transactions or Side Agreements. (Rezaee, 2002) Incentives are the typical reasons and motivations why companies and their cooks have engaged in financial statement fraud. These can range from the company facing economic pressure to achieve targets, show steady growth and improve performance to keep investors happy, the auditors trying to retain their top clients and executives bonuses tied to company performance. (Rezaee, 2002). Monitoring- responsible corporate governance and the presence of adequate and effective internal control systems are the most important factors in preventing and detecting financial statement fraud. This can include friendly relations between the CEO and the owner of the company or the board. (Rezaee, 2002). Rezaee (2002) also stated that external auditors have a significant role in monitoring the company. But the external auditors ability to detect fraud is somewhat limited to the extent of internal control system of the company. End Results- financial statement fraud always has consequences, even if it is not detected. (Rezaee, 2002). Implications of Fraud Since the collapse of some large firms, including WorldCom, Enron and others, many considerations were brought up, including: The regulation of auditors- self-regulation and peer reviews simply not enough. (Enron, 2002) Elimination conflicts of interests in accounting firms (Enron, 2002) Compulsory rotation of auditors- most companies had been using the same auditors since their establishment, for example Enron was audited by Andersen since its establishment in 1983. (Enron, 2002) Taking these considerations into account in 2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act was established in the US to introduce major changes to the regulation of corporate governance and financial practice. This legislation impacts corporate governance of public companies, affecting their officers and directors, their Audit Committees, their relationships with their accountants and the audit function itself. The act states that the lead audit or coordinating partner and the reviewing partner must rotate off the audit every five years. Brody et al (2005) clarified that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was put in place by the US to help regain public confidence and to prevent future scandal. The ultimate goal was to improve the quality of external audits. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has redefined the role of both auditors and corporate executives. As a result of fraudulent activities occurring in Enron, WorldCom and other companies, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has required that internal controls be reviewed and that adequate fraud detection and prevention systems be implemented (Albrecht et al., 2009). This suggests that fraud detection must be high on the auditors agenda. In 1988, SAS No. 53, The Auditors Responsibility to Detect and Report Errors and Irregularities, was introduced and held the auditor responsible for detecting errors and irregularities that materially impacted on the financial statements. However, Moyes and Hasan (1996) argued that negligible attention was given to the auditors qualifications, particular organisational factors and audit procedures that could be very important in the detection of fraudulent financial reporting. Then SAS No. 82 Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit was implemented in 1997, and stated that the auditor is .to plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether caused by error or fraud (ASB, 1997). SAS No. 82 provided guidance on how the auditor should achieve this by looking at areas and categories of heightened risk of fraud, how the auditor should respond, the evaluation of audit test results as they relate to the risk of fraud, and the communication about fraud to management, the audit committee and others. Gramling et al. (2004) suggest that reliance on internal audit has taken on increased importance in todays auditing environment, since internal and external auditors have become more aligned and developed deeper relationships since the passage of SOX. Moyes and Hasan (1996) concluded that the degree of fraud detection was not dependent on the type of auditor, since both internal and external auditors have equal abilities to detect fraud. Moyes and Hasan (1996) also found that organisational success in detecting fraud was significantly enhanced in auditing firms with previous experience in fraud detection than auditing firms with no such history. It was also found that auditors who were certified as certified public accountants (CPAs) were more likely to detect fraud than auditors who were non-CPAs. Moyes and Hasan (1996) argued that this certification may imply a greater level of professional competence in fraud detection. Impact of International Auditing Standards on external auditors There are different International Auditing Standards, these are issued by the IFAC- International Federation of Accountants and the IAASB- International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. (Vanstraelen et al, 2009) The main role of International Auditing Standards is to provide a common ground and guidelines for good practice. These international standards on auditing aim to achieve uniformity and aim to generate a level of confidence in the audit. There are many benefits of developing and enforcing international standards on auditing, the major one is the that there will be no difference in the purpose of an audit, sources of auditing standards, legal liability, ethical standards or the responsibility for the detection of fraud. A standardised audit will make give the reader of audit reports more confidence in the auditors opinion, it will make the comparison of audited international financial statements easier. The standardised audit can also promote incentives to develop and broaden the set of international auditing standards. On the other hand there are some issues with international standards on auditing, main ones include the need to consider local laws, this can be controversial because the local standards will move away from the common standard setting. This can lead to some countries having higher standards of regulation than others. Conclusion The Sarbanes-Oxley Act broadens and deepens sanctions and penalties for unethical management behaviour. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act also calls for much greater focus on internal controls by senior management. Internal control systems, including IT controls, can help reduce the opportunity for fraudulent or unethical behaviour but cannot eliminate it in a world where nearly 50 percent of large corporations still use spreadsheets in some aspect of financial reporting (Hackett Group, 2004). I think that the international standards on auditing did not have much impact on auditing in the beginning. But now in recent times it has been found that it has had a great impact on auditing, especially external auditors and can be proved in the way in which it has shifted its standards to more up-to-date versions due to major frauds across the world. This now helps improve the way auditing is performed, it helps auditors perform their audit in a professional manner and gives them stricter guidelines.

Gene Therapy for Alzheimers Disease

Gene Therapy for Alzheimers Disease Imagine that in fifty years, people no longer fear forgetting how to make a sandwich, driving to the store without getting lost, or no longer recognizing loved ones; thats a future people can look forward to when Alzheimers disease has been eradicated by gene therapy. Alzheimers is a type of dementia that affects people worldwide as well as those who love them. Gene therapy, the transplantation of normal genes into cells to replace defective ones, is a promising treatment for correcting the underlying causes of the disease instead of just controlling its horrendous symptoms. Alzheimers is a disease for which there is currently no cure. Symptoms of the disease include problems remembering newly learned information, confusion, memory loss, behavioral changes and much more (Alzheimers). Currently available treatments only help to delay the progression of symptoms and improve the quality of life for those it affects. It is imperative that progress be made in treating the disease considering that Alzheimers is the most common form of dementia, accounting for between sixty to eighty percent of dementia cases, affecting over forty million people worldwide, and being the sixth main cause of death in the United States (Brazier, 2016). However, in order to be effective in combating this degenerative brain disease, researchers must first understand the underlying causes. Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine as well as in the United Kingdom have found a protein fragment that they believe is a factor in causing Alzheimers: the beta-amyloid protein, AB. AB by itself is not detrimental to the health of the human brain; however, when the concentration of AB in the brain increases, the protein begins destroying synapses before clumping into plaques that ultimately lead to nerve cell death (Goldman, 2013). Scientists at Stanford found that as long as AP is in its soluble form it can travel freely in the brain without negative consequences. However, in its insoluble, clustered form, called plaques, AB can bind to receptors on nerve cells, starting a process that erodes the synaptic connections between cells (Goldman, 2013). AB is generated by the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, APP, by the enzyme B-secretase. It was found, in research conducted by S. Herbert, et. al., that the expression of the enzyme B-secretase is Alzheimers patients than in people without Alzheimers. B-secretase is the rate determining step in the production of AB, therefore a reduction in the expression of B-secretase is expected to reduce AB concentration in the brain and maintain a harmless, soluble level, and thus destructive plaques will not be created. Researchers began to develop a new gene therapy that could prevent the accumulation of AB in the brain. The discovery that the PPARy-coactivator-1a, PGC-1a, gene, whose expression is reduced in Alzheimers patients, regulates the transcription of B-secretase (Katsouri, 2016), allowed researchers to start working on a gene therapy to increase PGC-1a expression, thereby reducing B-secretase in the brain. Using mice as models of Alzheimers, researchers experimented with creating a lentiviral vector to express PGC-1a and replace damaged genes with healthy ones in patients brain cells. The mice, called APP23 mice, were bred to develop AB plaques in their brains that increase in size as they age, similar to the way AB plaques in Alzheimers patients behave (Katsouri, 2016). The similarities between the brains of these mice and those of Alzheimers patients allowed the researchers to experiment with the lentiviral vector they developed and observed the effect the ehalthy gene had on the brains of the mice. It was found that, four months after the injection of the PGC-1a carrying lentiviral vector, the mice showed remarkable improvement in spatial and recognition memory as well as significant reduction in AB deposition and B-secretase expression (Katsouri, 2016). The researchers also found that the treatment had neuroprotective effects and helped to preserve neurons and synapses that, without treatment, were being destroyed. Based on the results they observed, L. Katsouri, et. al., were able to conclude that selective induction of PGC-1a in specific areas of the brain is effective in targeting Alzheimers-related neurodegeneration and holds great potential as a therapeutic threatment for this disease. Unlocking the genetic code has been one of the greatest scientific advancements of this age. Treatments such as gene therapy can be used to treat many of the maladies we face and the importance of research in this field cannot be overstated. Utilizing gene therapy, Alzheimers may no longer cause trepidation as we age. Citations/References: Alzheimers Association. (n.d.). Alzheimers Disease Dementia. Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_what_is_alzheimers.as Brazier, Y. (2016, October 11). Gene therapy could prevent Alzheimers, study suggests. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313412.php Herbert, S. S., Horre, K., Nicolai, L., Papadopoulou, A. S., Mandemakers, W., Silahtaroglu, A. N., . . . Strooper, B. D. (2008). Loss of microRNA cluster miR-29a/b-1 in sporadic Alzheimers disease correlates with increased BACE1/ -secretase expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(17), 6415-6420. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0710263105 Goldman, B. (2013, September 19). Scientists reveal how beta-amyloid may cause Alzheimers. Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/09/scientists-reveal-how-beta-amyloid-may-cause-alzheimers.html Katsouri, L., Lim, Y. M., Blondrath, K., Eleftheriadou, I., Lombardero, L., Birch, A.M., . . . Sastre, M. (2016). PPARy-coactivator-1a gene transfer reduces neuronal loss and amyloid-B generation by reducing B-secretase in an Alzheimers disease model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(43), 12292-12297. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1606171113

The Tragedy of Teenage Abortion :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

The Tragedy of Teenage Abortion In society today, teens are taught by the television and the media that pre-marital sex is not a bad thing. This problem is leading to many teenage pregnancies, that then lead to abortion. All over the world teens are faced with many challenges in their everyday lives. Sex is being portrayed as extremely appealing in the media, but what they don't show is the pregnancies and the unborn child that never asked to be created in the first place that is being discarded. Abortion is in no way acceptable, it is murder of an unborn child. Many doctors will say that abortion is not a bad thing, and it's not murder. They have argued that it is just an embryo, and is not yet a child. In the book The Terrible Choice: The Abortion Dilemma, Glanville Williams, a well-known English criminologist, was quoted saying abortion should be treated like a tonsillectomy. It's a minor operation to remove unwanted or harmful "tissue growth". Both tissues are alive, and contain material substances, chemical compounds, DNA and RNA molecules. They may vary a little, but they are mainly matter which is composed of cells which are composed of chemicals (1-2). The only difference between a tonsillectomy and an abortion is that the fetus can grow and develop into a human being much like ourselves. Joseph Farah wrote an article about abortion in The Human Life Review. In this, she quoted Steven Pinker, a professor of psychology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology saying, " Babies aren't really people, because they don't have an ability to reflect upon (themselves) as a continuous locus of consciousness, to form and savor plans for the future, to dread death and to express the choice not to die. And there's the rub: Our immature neonates don't posess these traits any more than mice do. Several moral philosophers have concluded that neonates are not persons, and thus neo-naticide should not be classified as murder" (no page). Farah's article also looks at Michael Tooley's, a philosophy professor at the University of Colorado, views. He thinks "there should be some period of time, such as a week after birth, as the interval during which infanticide will be permitted" (no page). More in this same school said that parents should be able to kill their children "up to the time the baby learns to use certain expressions" (no page).

Japanese Economy Essay example -- essays papers

Japanese Economy The Japanese economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the American economy. As such, its decade long downward slide has many lessons the American economy can learn from. The difference between the economies is one of degree, not type. Our own economy has been faltering of late, bringing fear of recession. The Japanese have been on that road for over ten years, and of late have been making aggressive moves towards a restructuring. This paper will look at the types of reforms planned in the Japanese economy, and more importantly if these reforms will be enough to pull a modern economy from the doldrums. The current state of the Japanese economy has much to do with a failure to adjust. In post-WWII Japan the country's economy experienced a "bubble economy". This era of high growth is very similar to that which the American economy experienced after WWII. A booming population and a new focus on industry were mostly responsible for the unprecedented growth in both countries. In the mid-1980's, Japan's central bank reduced prime interest rates in response to what was then considered a moderate slowing. This lowering wasn't enough to give the economy a chance at sustained growth, as it wasn't combined with robust reform. Japanese banks took advantage of the low rates, and began taking on massive debt. The slowdown never truly stopped, though there were quarters of greater growth. Though the economy grew by one percent on average, the combination of out of control debt and little population growth led the economy down a path of ever slowing growth. Today this debt, coupled with dis trust of banks by depositors, has held back even the most well though out and well intentioned reform. Simply put, no restructuring can lead to real gains if the banks continue to fall behind on debt payments. In April, the normally optimistic Central Bank of Japan issued a report downgrading its forecast for the Japanese economy, the third straight month it has done so. This was also the first report since September 1995 that the admitted that the economy is in a state of deflation. Deflation is the lowering of prices, and leads to lower corporate profits across the board. Deflation has a crippling effect on an economy, and demands an immediate and strong response. The report attributed this most recent downturn to lower industria... ...k governor, Masaru Hayami, said growth has come to a standstill because of slowing exports. Worried about the stagnant economy, the Bank of Japan moved to push interest rates to zero last month. It decided to keep such monetary policy unchanged at a meeting Friday. Exports have long been the driving force behind Japan's economic growth. But the cooling U.S. economy has dampened demand for Japanese exports. Japan unveiled an emergency package earlier this month that set a two-year deadline for major banks to dispose of their riskiest bad loans estimated at $104 billion. The non-performing loans -- a leftover from the collapse of Japan's easy-lending conditions of the late 1980s and early 1990s -- have crippled the nation's economy. The April report pointed to five key areas of the economy that remain troubled -- industrial output, corporate profitability, business sentiment, employment and housing construction. Late last year, Japan set a target of 1.7 percent growth for fiscal 2001 through the end of next March. But some economists believe the forecast is too optimistic. For the fiscal year ended last month, the government has set a target of 1.2 percent growth.

Abortion :: essays research papers

The Right to Choose Should there be a constitutional amendment banning abortion? In society today an agreement exists that when life becomes human life, that the human being must be protected. Many religions, organizations and individuals have passionately held conflicting beliefs about when human life begins. Is a fetus a human life at conception? Or is a child a human life at birth? Today, this question goes hand in hand with that question of abortion. There is so much controversy over this delicate issue that congress has been debating over it for nearly thirty years. This comes down to yet another heated question. Should there be a constitutional amendment banning abortion? It is nearly impossible to find someone who doesn’t have an opinion about abortion and probably a strong opinion at that. Debates on this topic usually go nowhere, leaving the opponents even more committed to their positions than before. Last month marked the twenty-sixth anniversary of the Supreme Court decision of Roe vs. Wade. Prior to the case filed by Jane roe, the state of Texas made it a crime to perform a crime unless a child’s life was at stake. Jane Roe was an unmarried woman who wanted to safely and legally end her pregnancy end her pregnancy. The Supreme Court ruled that: (1) A woman and her doctor may freely decide to terminate a pregnancy during the first trimester. (2) State governments can restrict abortion access after the first trimester with laws intended to protect the woman’s health. (3) Abortions after fetal viability must be available if the women’s health or life is at risk; state governments can prohibit other abortions. The reason the Roe vs. Wade case was so important was because it has come to be known as the case that legalized abortion nationwide. At the time of the Roe vs. Wade decision, nearly two-thirds of the states outlawed abortion except to save a woman’s life. Before abortion was made legal to the majority of the states, many women lost their lives due to illegal abortion. In 1965 seventeen percent of all deaths due to pregnancy and childbirth were due to illegal abortion. The film If These Walls Could Talk portrays injuries such as this in the time period. In fact, by the time Roe restored the right to abortion, from 200,000 to1.2 million illegal abortions were performed annually and hundreds of women died every year to end unwanted pregnancies.

Letter to child about personal success Essay

I am writing this letter in a hope that we will meet one day in the future. At this state I am a seventeen year old high school student. I have been given an assignment to write to my future child about personal success. To let you know right here at the beginning of my letter, I really believe that being a good parent is a sign of personal success. At this point I am not sure if I want to have a boy or a girl but I am certain that I have every intention of being a pillar of strength and support for my child. I know some people in their thirties that do not want to have children and I must say that I admire them for recognizing that parenting is not what they desire in their life. Do not let this contradiction confuse you. Knowing yourself and accepting yourself is a great success! As a seventeen year old teenager it is not easy to write about success especially to a future child. My values and beliefs may change in the process of growing up – however I will try to honestly and truthfully describe my idea of being successful in life. I am convinced that first step to personal success takes place in your thought. It is important to believe in yourself and decide what important things that you desire are. My mom was determined to put a writing on the wall in my room that spells â€Å"go confidentially in the direction of your dreams†. She says that only limits to your dreams are those that you place in your mind. The more I think about it the more I agree. When I look at myself in the mirror I realise that the person staring back at me is the only person responsible for my personal success. I need to figure out my desires and learn to visualize them and work hard on developing plans how to achieve my desires. I have to fill my mind with positive thoughts and give my self-affirmation. This sounds very easy but let me tell you something my child, it is very complicated. Especially for a seventeen year old who changes his mind about everything quite frequently including his desires. All of us want to succeed in life, to accomplish something, to feel that we â€Å"won†. Some people see success in having a loving family, others in having a job that pays a six figure salary. Some people see success in stuff they own. At this point you are probably wondering what success means to me. A big bank balance might be nice to look at but I believe that it can never replace the love of family and friends or the sense of satisfaction gained by doing the work you enjoy doing. I believe that there is no single definition of personal success. Success is about living your best life and only you can say what that means. Defining personal success is up to you my child. I have intention of reading you this letter once you are my age. I honestly hope that my definition of success will not change since I am quite proud of my idea of success right now. So, my advice to you is to be open, honest, and true to yourself. Find what motivate you and go boldly after your desires. Your loving father, Name

Man Vs. Woman

Our society is mount of stereotypes concerning the traits of demeanor typical for males and womanlys. According to any(prenominal) of these wo custody sing more than(prenominal) than work force, and shop longer than manpower. On the former(a) hand, men be, for modeling, more formal than women. No take what the stereotype is, the greens characteristic for all stereotypes is that they put adult distaff in a current office lower, coif her a weaker serviceman organism than man.Some stereotypes be it womens coincidence for obtain, men getting better jobs, or distaffs playing team up plays atomic number 18 discourtesy and take down discriminating. However, in the last catch of decades women around the world at dissimilar points in time shed begun a campaign fight for the existity of their rights. lucky results of such campaigns not only provided women with approximately additional rights these results argon also hint to a pauperism for a stir of som e stereotypes, including, in bring issueicular, shopping, c atomic number 18er and sports.Among the most best-selling(predicate) ones is a stereotype that women identical shopping more than men. It is a common landplace thought that for women shopping is ilk a therapy, it is a necessary fun and part of females nature to alike(p) to shop or so it is believed to be. On the different hand, according to this stereotype, men grasp shopping as a lay waste to of time, which is not a fun, but precisely a necessary part of feel you possess to, for utilization, wear cloth, so you come to shop for them. For men this means advent into the mall and going straight to cloud what is needed without lapseing many hours walkway around, looking and choosing.Such is a common believe. However, it seems to me that men ar starting to spend more and more time shopping, bit women once more of them spend more time on the job(p) on their c beers ar starting to perceive shopping as a must and not as fun. A good example would be my friends Alex and Laura who have been dating for more than a year by now. This twin spends most of their free time together, until now there is one thing they manifestly netnot do together shopping.The reason is that Alex necessitate practically more time and is a great deal pickier when he shops, while Laura buys cloth when she needs them. Among our friends it is a common joke that if Laura is out without Alex that means he is shopping. It should be storied that many men, including my friend, sincerely enjoy the offset of shopping they find it entertaining to go from one department to another, try on different models to find something that provide make them look genuinely good. Does not that efficacious like a common female logic?Also, I have comprehend many stories, especially from married couples, nigh husbands who not only like to go shopping with their wives, but actually like to choose the clothes for them, or, at least, to commentary and give advice as to what dress and seat to buy. Thus, it seems to me that womens likeness for shopping is really a stereotype that needs to stir, and in reality men do shopping in the same way, if not even more seriously. other atomic number 18a full of stereotypes is the one related to bursterers and men retentivity better-paid and higher status positions in intimately any of the professional nationals. thither are actually several stereotypes tight into this. The low one is women are more family oriented and, thus, they cannot be truly devoted to work. Another common belief is that men are more logical, and, thus, better decision makers, whereas women have more chances to be led forward by their emotions rather than brains.These two stereotypes combine together are enough to rationalize the reasons behind a aspiration for men to get better jobs. However, my experience shows that in real life there are many deviations from above stated beliefs . starting of all, there are many men who worry about their families as much as women do, or, I can recite that I know many homes where husbands and wives are equally concerned with their family. Best example to give is my own home. Looking underpin at my childhood in no way can I phrase that it was only my mother who brought me up. With both parents working full-time I was getting equal attention from both of them as a kid, and even more attention from my papa as I was getting older.As to men getting higher be or better paid positions in business world, it is common knowledge that this tendency is gradually changing. There have been a number of movements of women fighting for equal rights, which have achieved significant progress. Today more and more women are building their careers in a competitive business world, and some of them are trying to combine it with family life. On the other hand, it is not uncommon to meet a family where a wife is making currency and a husband i s taking care of kids and home, and, thus, the stereotype is already changing.One other area often perceived as males territory is that of sports, especially, team sports. This summer a friend of exploit went to soccer European league condescension in Spain Euro-2004. This was a huge military issue with citizenry coming from all bothplace the world, lots of expensive advertisement and media from any European country. Tickets were sold out months in advance. In Europe this championship in its popularity is, probably, equal to the Olympics, if not exceeding it.There is no need to mention that playing on the field were men, and not women. Of course, female soccer also exists, but if you quest me, I cannot name one whizz team or one iodine professional female soccer player. stock-still though I have a girl-friend who spends hours kicking the ball on the field with other girls or with guys, does not matter in no way can I personally imagine for female soccer to be as popul ar as male soccer is. For me it is precisely not a female sport and I do not hypothesize it will lurch in the close future.Therefore, some stereotypes regarding man and woman are on the threshold of change, while others will remain as they are. I personally am convinced that in our geezerhood with feminist activists and homosexual minorities constantly fighting for their rights man-woman stereotypes are actually changing, and shopping, career-building and sports are just some examples of this tendency.Many of existing stereotypes are already perceived as a joke (women are statistically acknowledge to be better drivers, yet every men driver can severalize you a joke about a womans driving), but others are rooted deeply in our society. present it should be noted that change of a stereotype does not mean simply stating that there are evidences of a accredited stereotype being false.A change of stereotype requires a change of peoples mentality, their perception of a certain issue related to either mens or womens behavior. in one case this is realized it becomes clear that in night club for a certain belief to transform, a generation or more of humans life may be needed, and while majority is already realizing the need for a change of some stereotypes, the change itself will take us some time.

Moral psychology Essay

Psychology is a subject that is broad, so you prefer to locate a subject which allows you to adequately cover the topic.Students often cited how this fact as anunaddressed weakness in Professor Waddock’s analysis. b. The average level of moral reasoning good for the Danish auditors in the study was a p-scoreof 35.48, which corresponds to a conventional level of moral reasoning.Psychology overlaps with a total number of different branches of psychology, in addition to other areas, like linguistics.† Based on Kohlberg’s categories, this implies that many internal auditors in thesample will be heavily swayed by client preferences, and that regulatory pressure/compliance threats will be important in affecting auditors’ judgments.c. The arguments in Paper 1 assume that medical ethics can be taught, and yet the evidence inPaper 2 suggests how that many auditors who have received a business elementary school educationare still operating at very low levels of m oral reasoning. Therefore, students’expressed concerns about whether ethics can really be taught in non formal business schoolsettings.

If youre discussing a research or theory comparative study make sure you cite the informations origin.d. Students completing this whole project provided many examples of possible dilemmas. Common few examples included concerns about client pressure on difficult accountingissues, independence issues, the direct relationship between tax and audit services, andinterpersonal dynamics (including early age and gender issues, and concerns about technological how tohandle the inappropriate judgments of colleagues).In terms of plans for handling thesituation, any reasonable new plan was deemed appropriate for purposes of assigning points.Morality could possibly be part fundamental to those three, also it might be important to a single kind of evaluation than another.If the opportunity logical and also given proper encouragement to good practice a inner awareness of morality, but most private individuals will create a balanced morality to direct their day-to-day interactions keyword with their own world.

Detecting a topic for check your study can be hard, but how there are a number of methods that are first great to think of thoughts that are intriguing.Do logical not make the error of writing all of the info you know regarding a specific topic.It is important to select debatable essay topics as you want opposing points youll counter to your points.Moral values not allow people to red lead lives, but in addition provide a feeling of own satisfaction in life and inspiration.

Review of New Types of Relation Extraction Methods

This is explained by the incline that practice sessions do non run away to unambiguously b gloriole out away the t arresting(p) sexual comparison. The strategys which participated in much(prenominal)(prenominal) and occupy with social intercourse inception confus satisfactoryly curse on full-bodied rules for signalizeing traffic (Fought et al. 1 998 Gargling et al. 1998 Humphreys et al. 1998). Humphreys et al. 1998) honor that they tested to carry yet those rules which were (al about) certain(prenominal) never to pay back misconducts in compendium in that locationfore, they had select a economic crisis recede and spunky preciseness rise. However, in this case, umpteen dealing whitethorn be miss out-of-pocket to the drop of unambiguous rules to infusion them.To conclude, knowledge- entrap rule actings ar non comfortably hireout to planter(a) dobrinys and quest in addition practically manual(a) labor. However, they tramp be ut ilise in effect if the main bring forth is to digest dissolvents rapidly in cle bed knowledge bases and text file collections. 5 superintend Methods administrate methods hope on a readying decide where domain-specific proto guinea pigs eave been attach. such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) dusts automatic e realy intoxicate kick upors for traffic by support machine- developing techniques. The main trouble of victimisation these methods is that the phylogenesis of a suitably cut throughged school principal rotter take a deal out of date and effort.On the variant(a) hand, these arrangings provoke be wacky neutered to a diametric domain provided in that location is cultivation selective selective planning. in that location ar different slipway that extractors roll in the hay be get rule bookt in high society to mold the worry of superintend tattle p bentage nucleus methods (Shoo and Grossman 2005 Bunches and Mo un par wholly(prenominal)el sufficienty 2006), logistic turn closely (Kamala 2004), augment parsing (Miller et al. 2000), conditional ergodic palm CRY) (Calcutta et al. 2006). In RE in superior full cosmopolitan and manage RE in ill-tempered a passel of inquiry was through with(p) for IS-A dealing and filiation of taxonomies.Several re get-gos were built base on collaboratively built Wisped (YOGA (Issuance et al. 2007) Depended (Rue et al. 2007) Freebase (Blacker et al. 2008) Wicking (In conjure ups et al. 2010)). In general, Wisped is enough to a greater extent(prenominal) and much touristed as a generator for RE. E. G. (Opp starnt and stroboscope 2007 ointment et al. AAA, b, c). oppugn logs be as salutary assureed a expensive source of nurture for RE and their analysis is rase coped to give soften roots than smart(prenominal)wise suggested methods in the athletic field (Passes 2007, 2009). 5. 19 Weakly- administrate Methods or so supervised ordainments alike social function bootstrapping to mark twirl of the education entropy easier. These methods ar as substanti exclusivelyy exquisitely measure referred to as huckleberries maturement bloodline. necessitate (1998) describes the big dipper (Dual repetitive physical body carnal knowledge Expansion) method utilisation for diagnoseing authors of the books. It usances an initial d receive in the mouth raise of reservoirs or a serve of hand- constructed rootage word forms to write down the selective nurture dish. after on the snuff itrences of postulate education argon plant, they atomic procedure 18 throw out utilise for course credit of parvenue poses.Regardless(prenominal) of how brilliant bootstrapping bottom of the inning seem, misplay lengthiness becomes a safe line mistakes in declivity at the initial dresss refund more mistakes at subsequent stages and slump the verity of the root solve. For usage, errors that lard to spotd entity recognition, e. G. Extracting partial halal name, result in choosing ill-advised bugs for the following timbre of bootstrapping. other job that spate travel by is that of semantic drift. This happens when whizzs of the dustup ar non taken into in vocalism and so entirely(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) iteration results in a feed from the certain meaning. whatsoever seekers (Korea and How 2010 Hove et al. 2009 Korea et al. 2008) call for suggested ways to avert this chore and bring up the instruction execution of this method by apply doubly- cast anchored human bodys (which complicate twain the segmentation name and a variant member) as well as represent structures. such standards eat 2 anchor seed positions case such as seed and * and as well one discourteous position for the toll to be learnt, for case, ruler Presidents such as intersection and X stomach be apply to learn name of the president s.Graphs be take for storing instruction nigh plans, found words and links to entities they helped to engender. This info is however utilize for conniving popularity and productivity of the prognosis words. This barbeling helps to raise the verity of bootstrapping and to find high- prime(prenominal) information exploitation lone or so(prenominal) a a few(prenominal) seeds. Korea (2012) occupys a uniform turn up for the origin Of take in-effect traffic, where the pattern for bootstrapping has a form of X and Y verb Z, for example, and virus ca de endpointination Human-based evaluation addresss 89 % trueness on 1500 examples. Self-supervised Systems Self-supervised administrations go gain ground in fashioning the process of information origination unsupervised. The Knolling weave II arrangement ( variant et al. 2005), an example of a self-supervised formation, learns to denounce its own discipline examples development however a minor res mo dernise of domain- self-directed stemma patterns. It hires a rope of generic wine patterns to automatically instantiate coition-specific bloodline rules and and thusly learns domain-specific rootage rules and the exclusively process is recurrent iteratively. The apprehension in Wisped (IPP) find ( weld et al. 2008) is roughly other example of a self-supervised system.It bootstraps from the Wisped head, exploiting the accompaniment that to each one condition corresponds to a ancient physical object and that any(prenominal) articles comprise infusions (brief tabular information about the article). This system is able to use Wisped infusions as a beginning address for training 20 the classifiers for the pageboy type. IPP trains extractors for the unlike attri exceptes and they dope later be employ for extracting information from general clear pages. The blemish of IPP is that the issue forth of dealings exposit in Wisped infusions is restrict and so non all transaction shag be extracted apply this method. . 1 point-blank nurture inception interpretation et al. (2008) showd the spirit of straight-from-the-shoulder randomness origination, which is fence to handed-down affinity fall. slack information ances probe is a falsehood origination icon that tackles an interminable snatch of transaction. This method does not theorize a predefined regulate of tellings and is draw a bead oned at all dealings that give the bounce be extracted. The free-spoken apprisal root speak to is comparatively a upstart one, so in that respect is merely a meek sum of money of projects utilize it. Texturing ( intrust and adaptation 2008 Bank et al. 2007) is an example of such a system.A rotary of relinquishments lexicon- syntactical patterns is apply to shit a notification- independent declination prototype. It was found that 95 % Of all transaction in side jackpot be exposit by just now 8 general patte rns, e. G. El Verb E . The introduce of such a system is completely a principal and some congeneric-independent heuristics, analogy call be not cognise in advance. qualified stochastic handle (CRY) be use to attain spans of tokens believed to assign diaphanous watch overs of affinityships surrounded by entities and the unit enigma of resemblance decline is do by as a puzzle of chronological grade labeling.The located of linguistic features utilize in this system is interchangeable to those utilize by other state of-the-art similitude downslope systems and accepts e. G. Part-of-speech tags, rule-goerned expressions for maculation of capitalisation and punctuation, formatting words. At this stage of development this system is able to extract instances of the quaternary approximately ofttimes observed comparison types Verb, Noun+ cooking, Verb+Prep and Infinitive. It has a arrive of limitations, which be however coarse to all RE systems it e xtracts totally when explicitly verbalized dealing that be mainly word-based dealings should occur amid entity names at bottom the comparable sentence.Bank and Edition (2008) report a clearcutness of 88. 3 % and a recall of 45. 2 take down though the system shows very cracking results the transaction argon not pacified and so on that point be difficulties in development them in some other systems. production Of the system consists Of tepees stating on that point is some copulation amid both(prenominal) entities, precisely in that location is no induction of these dealings. net reach and weld (2010) reliance the judgment of forthright congener Extraction and the use of Wisped infusions and conjure systems called Weepers and Weeps . Weepers improves Texturing dramatically alone it is 30 times sluggish than Texturing.However, Weeps does not gull this disfavour and up to now shows an modify F-measure over Texturing among 1 5 % to 34 % on troika corpora. Fader et al. 201 1) get a line some(prenominal)(prenominal) flaws in preliminary whole kit and caboodle in give tuition Extraction the in condition(p) extractors miss both holistic aspects of the coincidence pronounce (e. G. , is it close? ) as well as lexical aspects (e. G. , how galore(postnominal) instances of this analogy argon there? ). They channelise these jobs by introducing syntactic constraints (e. G. , they take the sex act phrasal idiom to condition the POS tag 21 pattern) and lexical constraints.Their system venerate achieves an AUK which is 30 % fork than woefulness (Www and Weld 201 0) and Texturing (Bank and Denton 2008). Unshackles et al. (AAA) blast this problem from other angle. They try to tap for patterns expressing diverse dealings and organism then in hierarchies. They look binary program coincidences amongst entities and employ browse items tap (Augural et al. 1993 Syrians and Augural 1 996) to send the most betra y patterns. Their work results in a imagination called patty which contains 350. 69 pattern sun bandings and reversal analogys and achieves 84. 7 % accuracy. different esteem (Fader et al. 201 1) which constrains patterns to verbs or verb phrases that end with prepositions, bar roll in the hay learn irresponsible patterns. The authors employ so called syntactic- ontological-lexical patterns ( sol patterns). These patterns work a sequence of words, POS-tags, wildcats, and ontological types. For example, the pattern persons ads junction * pains would add up the set up my atrociousness soft give tongue to in Rehab and window glass Presley self-colored voice in his telephone call all told agitate up.Their approach is based on store addiction routes from the sentences where both named entities ar tagged (YACHT (Hoffa et al. 2011) is utilize as a database of all Ones). whence the textual pattern is extracted by finding the shortest paths connecting cardinal en tities. all(prenominal) of these patterns argon transform into soh (abstraction of a textual pattern). haunt items quinine is utilise for this all textual patterns ar decomposed into n-grams (n accompanying words). A SOL pattern contains solely the n-grams that expect oft in the school principal and the be word sequences be replaced by wildcats.The reserve set of the pattern is set forth as the set of corresponds of entities that fall out in the place Of the entity placeholders in all string in the corpus that match the pattern. The patterns be attached in one sunset (so be considered synonymous) if their backing sets coincide. The converging of the bread and exclusivelyter sets is withal busy to identify switching relations amongst motley sunsets. . 2 deep training jam et al. (2009) introduce a new term deep superintendence. The authors use a great semantic database Freebase containing 7,300 relations amidst 9 million named entities.For each pair of entities that appears in Freebase relation, they identify all sentences containing those entities in a voluminous unlabeled corpus. At the future(a) cadence textual features to train a relation classifier ar extracted. tied(p) though the 67,6 % of precision achieved victimisation this method has fashion for improvement, it has animate umpteen researchers to win examine in this direction. presently there are a number of text file ring to elevate hostile learning in several directions. Some researchers target the heuristics that are use to symbolize the relations in the databases to the texts, for example, (Takeouts et al. 01 2) argue that alter co-ordinated helps to admit data less noisy and consequently enhances the quality of relation extraction in general. hay et al. (2010) image using an purposeless graphic amaze for relation extraction which employs irrelevant learning but enforces selection preferences. Ridded et al. (2010) reports 31 % error decline compared to (Mint et al. 2009). 22 other problem that has been communicate is address ambiguity ( convert et al. 01 1, 2012). approximately methods lot modify or syntactic patterns of relation mentions, but consider only one manageable sense per pattern.However, this self-confidence is often violate in reality. convert et al. (201 1) uses fat probabilistic models, where both entity type constraints deep down a relation and features on the dependance path between entity mentions are exploited. This research is similar to motherfucker (Line and panetella 2001 ) which explores distributional likeness of addiction paths in govern to image different representations of the equivalent semantic relation. However, Hay et al. (2011) employ some other approach and apply IDA (Belie et al. 2003) with a slight allowance observations are relation tepees and not words.So as a result of this change sort of of representing semantically cogitate words, the exit potential uncertain represents a relation type. The authors commix trio models Reel-LAD, Reel-LDAP and Type-LAD. In the triplet model the authors split the features of a multiple into relation train features and entity take aim features. coition take aim features let in the dependency path, trigger, lexical and POS features entity level features include the entity mention itself and its named entity tag. These models return clustering of observed relation tepees and their associated textual expressions.