Beardless Children :: Arthurian Legends English Literature Essays

Beardless Children Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is considered to be one of the finest Arthurian romances in English. Unfortunately, the 14th-century author of the epic remains unknown. The poem describes a common secret plan at the time the Beheading Game, which turns out to be a great physical as well as moral challenge to the main character, Sir Gawain. The transportation (130-202) of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight describes the appearance of a strange knight in King Arthurs court. The anonymous author of the epic describes the rider in great detail, punctuate the importance of this character. The passage is intended to arouse readers curiosity, and at the same time, to introduce the mighty danger that the main character, Sir Gawain, will have to face. Furthermore, the strange knight is shown to be a test or trial for King Arthur and his knights. Finally, the passage presents the actual dynamics of Arthurs court as incompatible with th e poets initial praising of nobility, justice and gothic ideals. The Green Knight is clearly a magical figure. This strange rider is of green hue, and he is riding a green horse. Physically, the knight is presented as tight and of a great size From broad neck to buttocks so bulky and thick,And his loins and his legs so long and so great,Half a whale on earth I hold him to be...(138 - 140).The author gives these characteristics to the character for a reason. Possibly, the author aims to arouse interest of the readers or to emphasize the danger that Sir Gawain is about to face. However, at this point of the story, the reader is unaware of the true identity of the Green Knight, which makes it more exciting to read the poem. The passage describes the great festivities in King Arthurs court during the festivity of Christmas. And already Arthur is portrayed behaving childishly, when he refuses to eat unless he hears an entertaining story But Arthur would not eat till all were servedSo light was his imperative heart, and a little boyishAnd also a point of pride pricked him in heart,For he nobly had willed, he would never eat.

philosophy of education Essay -- essays research papers

ProgressivismMy personal philosophical system of education is most closely related to progressivism, which is a school of thought advocating that truth is compulsive by function. Progressivism is an educational philosophy focused on providing students with the skills and knowledge necessary not only to survive but also to succeed in a contemporary and competitive society. William James and John Dewey are accredited for developing the characteristically American philosophy of education that is progressivism. As the name suggests, progressivism is a philosophy that is adaptable for societys current state. It is a philosophy that promotes education aimed at helping students to develop the kind of problem solving skills that will enable them to function successfully in a competitive society. Progressivism focuses on educating students in a manner that leads them to become productive adults that adeptly function in an ever-changing world. Progressivism political program has a strong e mphasis on problem solving and analysis, for these skills are invaluable in todays society. Without problem solving abilities, an individual is doomed and alone in the puzzling maze of society that characterizes the world today. Progressivism curriculum is centered on activities and instruction that challenge the students problem solving and analysis abilities in an effort to strengthen these skills. Since progressivism is influenced by contemporary society, it is only appropriate that the progressivism curric...

Setting of Eveline in James Joyces Dubliners :: Dubliners Essays

Setting of "Eveline"   The setting of the short story "Eveline" by James Joyce goes far beyond the physical characteristics. The setting goes past being located in Dublin, Ireland in an old room. The setting greatly influences Eveline in many different ways. The setting entraps Eveline in this short story. The setting of the entire story is very plain. slide fastener in Evelines life ever seems to change. Most of the story takes place with Eveline sitting by the window in a very dull room. The room is make full with "the odor of dusty cretonne" from the curtains, and has a "yellowing photograph hung on the wall above the broken harmonium" (513). One would certainly not group these characteristics as exciting. equivalent to the room, Evelines life is very plain. Eveline is a product of her environment. She is trapped in this setting and does not know any other way except the way things argon now for her. Her internal struggle will not allow Eveline to admit the setting that she is currently in. Eveline was brought up in a social environment of tight adherence to tradition and obedience. Eveline is forced to remain in this setting because of the promise that she made to her mother. Eveline had a chance to escape all this, but she doesnt take it because she is very conservative, and doesnt know any other way. Evelines promise to her mother seems to cripple her in this setting. She cant move she cant win out of it Eveline feels that she must adhere to tradition and be dutiful by living her mothers life. Eveline even says, "It was hard work-a hard life-but now that she was about to leave she did not find it a wholly undesirable life."(513) Eveline does want to get away from this setting, but she simply does not know any other way. Eveline tries to trick herself in to thinking that life isnt that bad. However, in reality she simply seems to greatly fear change because she doesnt know change. Dublin ha s become a part of Eveline. The setting is the only thing that gives Eveline a sense of security. She is too afraid to leave this setting she is trapped. In Ireland, "she had those whom she had known all her life about her (512).

The Natural Essay example -- essays research papers

The NaturalThe Natural written by Bernard Malamud was a very well written book. I really am not a boastfully fan of baseball but I did enjoy this novel. This book is about never giving up no matter how bad the situations gets. Roy Hobbs wanted to be the best baseball player that ever lived, who broke all the records, and when he went walking down the street he wanted people to say, Hey thats Roy Hobbs,the great player of all times. He would have been excellent and could have played baseball for many years, but someone didnt want that. He was vista and it injured him terribly. Hobbs finally made it back and was found by a scout and was sent to play for the worst team in the league. I resembling how Hobbs never gives up. He goes up against the corrupters, the seducers, and the glory destroyers. No one wanted to let Hobbs play because he was old, they thought he should be at the long time to retire not to just begin. This book goes to show that you can do anything if you set your mind to it and if you want it bad enough. Hobbs proved everyone wrong. He was worst doable thing happened, he met a girl. He started getting distracted and it a effected his game. Hobbs let a woman mess with his head. When Hobbs would go up to bat, he usually hit a home run but when he met this woman, he started striking out. I guess you could say that she was bad luck. Well, he finally made is mind get cleared and was back to his old self. Another reason why I liked this novel is because it kind of gives a l...

Hevea brasiliensis:The Rubber Tree :: Botany

Hevea brasiliensisThe Rubber TreeDuring the Age of Exploration many people were sent out to seek unknown plant species that might exercise as raw material, remedy, or ornament. Of all the great feats of that era of botanical discovery, none was more imposing than that of the domestication of rubber. New World inhabitants had shown rubber, which they obtained from several equatorial plant species, to early explorers, including Columbus. Since it was an unstable product, it remained for more than three centuries a mere curiosity. Then, in 1839, it was found that through treatment with sulfur and heat (vulcanization), rubbers elastic properties could be made more permanent. (1)Hevea brasiliensis is the source of virtually all the worlds rubber production. Cutting the bark of this tree releases the latex which is then collected, preserved, and stabilized. The latex is located in the inner bark of the tree and flows in the vessels of the tree. Latex is thought to be a defense against in sect predators for the tree. (1) Hevea brasiliensis was first found in the virago basin. The rubber trade became a mainstay of the brazil-nut treeian economy, providing at its height almost 40 % of its export revenues. It was not long before the idea was conceived of domesticating rubber. However, Brazil was not the site of the successful commercialization of rubber. Rubber cultivation was, instead, transferred to Southeast Asia. Soon abundant and cheap, rubber was put to thousands of uses. Its reduced cost was an key broker in the emergence of a mass market of automobiles from two-thirds to three-quarters of the demand for rubber soon came from the makers of tires and tubes for motor vehicles. (1) After tires, latex products, footwear, belts and hoses, and wire cables are the most important uses for rubber. (3) Rubber is harvested in Africa, Central and South America, and in Asia, the latter accounting for greater than 90% of production. There are 11 species of Hevea. Hevea bras iliensis is a extremity of the Euphorbiaceae family (spurge family). Although not limited to the Euphorbiaceae, latex production is one of its distinguishing characteristics. (7)The plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes succulent and cactus-like, and comprise one of the largest families of plants with roughly 300 genera and 7,500 species that are further characterized by the frequent occurrence of milky sap. (6)The flowering and pollination of the Hevea brasiliensis tree are also distinguishing characteristics of this plant.

Hevea brasiliensis:The Rubber Tree :: Botany

rubber tree brasiliensisThe Rubber TreeDuring the Age of Exploration many people were sent off to seek unknown plant species that might serve as raw material, remedy, or ornament. Of all the great feats of that era of botanical discovery, none was more horrible than that of the domestication of prophylactic. New World inhabitants had shown rubber, which they obtained from several tropical plant species, to early explorers, including Columbus. Since it was an unstable product, it remained for more than three centuries a mere curiosity. Then, in 1839, it was found that by dint of treatment with sulfur and heat (vulcanization), rubbers elastic properties could be made more permanent. (1)Hevea brasiliensis is the source of virtually all the worlds rubber production. Cutting the bark of this steer releases the latex which is then collected, preserved, and stabilized. The latex is located in the inner bark of the tree and flows in the vessels of the tree. Latex is thought to be a defe nse against louse predators for the tree. (1) Hevea brasiliensis was first found in the Amazon basin. The rubber trade became a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, providing at its height almost 40 % of its exportation revenues. It was not long before the idea was conceived of domesticating rubber. However, Brazil was not the site of the successful commercialization of rubber. Rubber cultivation was, instead, transferred to Southeast Asia. Soon abundant and cheap, rubber was put to thousands of uses. Its reduced cost was an important factor in the emergence of a mass market of automobiles from two-thirds to three-quarters of the demand for rubber soon came from the makers of tires and tubes for motor vehicles. (1) after tires, latex products, footwear, belts and hoses, and wire cables are the most important uses for rubber. (3) Rubber is harvested in Africa, Central and South America, and in Asia, the latter accounting for greater than 90% of production. on that point are 11 specie s of Hevea. Hevea brasiliensis is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family (spurge family). Although not limited to the Euphorbiaceae, latex production is one of its distinguishing characteristics. (7)The plants of the Euphorbiaceae family are mostly paroicous herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes succulent and cactus-like, and comprise one of the largest families of plants with about 300 genera and 7,500 species that are further characterized by the frequent occurrence of milky sap. (6)The flowering and pollination of the Hevea brasiliensis tree are also distinguishing characteristics of this plant.

Establish and adjust the markrting mix Essay

1. Research Your Choice of organizationKentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)- one of the most known fast nutrition for thought chains in the world started in the early 1930s by Kernel Sanders in the Southern USA as a small immunity operation. Colonel Sanders has become a well-known personality throughout thousands of KFC restaurants Worldwide. Quality, service and cleanliness (QSC) represents the most critical success factors to KFCs global success. KFC has a twist of ambitious aims and objectivesTo annex its percentage sh ar of the fast-food mart.To improve profit margins year-on-year to fund the growth of the company. To return profit on investments to owners and franchisees. The way that KFC reaches these orchestrates is decided by the companys congenital strategy and objectives. phoner and Marketing Strategy Partnering to build customer relationships a. Marketing StrategyKFC used the Demographic Segmentation, Geographic segmentation, and Psychographic segmentation. In demographic segmentation, the market place is shared out into groups based on an age, gender, family size, income, occupation, religion, race and nationality. KFC divides the market on demographic basis in this way Age is between 6-65.Gender is both males and females.Family size is 1-2, 3-4, 5+Income is Rs 10,000 n above.Family lifestyle is almost all.KFC has outlets internationally and sells its products according to geographic needs of the customer. In India KFC focuses how geographically its customers demand different products. In north India Chicken is the briny selling product, while in the south the Veg. items sell more than the chicken. Dividing a market into different groups based on social class, lifestyle, or personality characteristics is called psychographic segmentation. KFC divides market on the basis of psychographic variables likeSocial class- Upper and Middle class.Lifestyle is not specific.Personality is ambitious and authoritarianb. Target MarketingAs the outlets of KFC ar e in posh area and prices are too high (overhead expenses-rent, air-conditioning, employees), so KFC targets upper and middle classes. Target market depends upon size and growth rate of population, Company resources and structural attractiveness of market segment. c. Market PositioningFor a product to occupy a clear, distinctive and desirable place relative to Competing products in the minds of target consumer. In KFC feedback is taken from the customer in order to know the customer demands and then improvements are made in products. KFC focuses on pure and fresh food in order to create a distinct and clear position in the minds of customers KFC has a strong brand name and they are leading the market in fried chicken. 2. Identify the Key Characteristics of their products and services and their significance to the market. Product LineKFC product line includes all chicken based products.BurgersThe burger category includes the Zinger Burger, Colonels Chicken Burger, Colonels Fillet Bur ger, SUB60 and 80, and Zinger Jr. They have also introduces a Fish zinger burger.Chicken PiecesThe chicken involved the product line with different number of chicken pieces like 1 piece, 2 pieces, 5 pieces and 10 pieces chicken. CombosThe combo includes the different meal as Chicken Meals, Sandwich Meals and Family Meals.Desserts & BeveragesThe desserts and beverages offered by KFC are production Salad, Regular & Large Drink, Regular & Large Mineral Water, Tea, Scoop of Walls Ice cream and Coffee.Snacks & Side OrdersThe snacks and side orders served by the KFC are Arabian Rice, 5 & 10 Pieces Hot wings, Dinner Roll, Regular & Large Fries, Hot Shots, and Corn on theCob, Hot & Crispy Soup and the Cole Slaw. 3. Review pricing policy and prove pricing variables to determine their effect on demand.

Investment Banking

Investment Banking in 2008 Group Report 1. Failure Analysis Identify the major factors that contributed to prevail Stearnss distress? Who stood to benefit from its implosion? How did arrest Stearnss collapse differ from the Long Term Capital Management adversity a decade earlier? What could Bear Stearns adjudge through differently to avoid this fate? In the early(a) 2000s? And during the summer of 2007? And during the week of March 10, 2008? (1) Identify the major factors that contributed to Bear Stearnss misery? Bears well-nighwhat cutthroat and renegade culture of maverick may pass water contributed a lot to their disappointment.This culture somehow made it fling offed by the credit crisis, while other enthronization cashboxs survived. nonwithstanding the direct factors resulted in Bears implosion were the failure of Ralph Cioffis High-Grade Structured creed Strategies broth and Enhanced Leverage High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Fund, which invested in soph isticated credit derivatives backed by mortgage securities. And these failures cost Bear more than 1. 6 billion dollars to prop up two hedge funds. And the failures of two hedge funds led to a continuous questioning ab egress Bears monetary stability.At the same time, Bear c formerlyntrated its business on CDOs, which means it had high exposure to this item. Thus when credit crisis happened, it is signifi set uptly pertained. And in early 2008, dingys downgraded 163 tranches of mortgage backed bonds issued by Bear. Almost everyone realized that Bear will face liquidity problem. But meanwhile, Bear exceedingly relied on repo to pay itself. When lender lost confidence in Bear, it failed in finding a nonher effective way to find specie. In sum, the reasons above contributed to the failure of Bear in 2008 crisis. (2) Who stood to benefit from its implosion?JP Morgan is the beneficiary from Bears bankruptcy. It gained a company which had $172. 61 worth less than 8 months ago with a n incredible low price of $10 a sh atomic number 18. (3) How did Bear Stearnss collapse differ from the Long Term Capital Management failure a decade earlier? The origin in LTCMs failure was the high-leveraged structure. It obtained excessive debt for the investment of the bonds. Simultaneously, the grocery store capacity was not sufficient to support LTCMs large bloated size. As time had gone, market competition and capacity diminished its winningsability.But with such a high leverage, LTCM had no other choice but to gain enough profit to move on. Therefore, they got a alkali into some unfamiliar area. Meanwhile, as to the trading strategy, LTCM held a large quantity of asset with low liquidity. However, situation was different from what they had predicted. Big loss happened eventually, but LTCM could not sell asset for enough cash. It inevitably had to go bankruptcy. High leverage structure of Bears hedge fund also had great impact on its collapse. But the awful strategy of Be ars management should blame most for its bankruptcy.If it was in a less turbulent environment, things might be different. Continual grownup news ab step forward Bear from executives unmannered deportment to its first quarterly loss since foundation ruined the confidence of investors. And another inequality in the failure of both was that Bear primary(prenominal)ly died of market failure. When the whole market was fear of the loss of subprime asset, the large subprime assets holding companies such as Bear Stearns, could not avoid a fate of great loss and liquidity problem. (4) What could Bear Stearns draw done differently to avoid this fate?In the early 2000s? As an investment bank, Bear was just in pursuit of the return while underestimated the potential aftermath of being too inquisitive. Most of its profit was composed of fixed income securities. Meanwhile, Bear should not let each hedge fund manager just specialize in a particular guarantor to make volatility. It is obviou s that Bears risk management had signifi whoremastert flaw. Furthermore, since the over-confident Bear was desperate for the incredible return, it was not attentive to such supernormal yield of the hold price.They should not just concentrate on CDOs without also devoting their asset in other business, as diversification is so important for a firm. But it may not happen, since Bear was not less greed than the surrounding. And during the summer of 2007? If Bear realized the market could not be defeated, they should have controlled Cioffis risky action of raising new hedge fund with a higher leverage. Conversely, they should liquidate the fund. If the liquidation was per resileed, they should not have lost such great do in this worthless fund.And meanwhile it began to try to search for cash to finance itself. Except those worthless toxic assets, Bear still had some assets, which could offer up it some cash flow. If Bear sold these assets earlier with determination, they might not s ink in liquidity problem so deeply. And during the week of March 10, 2008? After Bear was downgraded by Moody, market had lost confidence in it. Almost everyone realized bears liquidity problem. When pointed out to have liquidity problems, Bears executives should realize the severity of the crisis rather than believing the worst was once again behind them.Even though they could not recover from the difficulty, prime actions could be taken, including exposing the reality to the market, lull the investors, making urgent strategies, applying for emergent aids from the provide, and applying for temporary held in stock trading. 2. liquidness Crisis and Business Model of Investment Banks What is the intention of fluidity for banking and drop banking firms? Is lore of Liquidity more important for a banking/investment banking firm than manufacturing firms (such as Ford or Boeing)? why?What could Bear Stearns have done to address its Liquidity concerns, which initiated the run on the b ank? Looking back, what lessons can we infer from Bear Stearnss failure regarding the business model of investment banks? Looking forward is the creation of pure-play investment banks sustainable? (1) Whats the role of liquidity for banking and investing banking firms? Liquidity can reveal the untrue existence of cash (and cash equivalents), short-term investments, accounts due and accounts payable, etc. To which extent it lives up to the real condition.It measures whether the banks business is legal, reasonable and whether the fiscal status is promptly and properly reflected on the financial reports. Liquidity risk is also important. It values the repayment of debt and reminds the board of the corporations risk at any time. Managing liquidity is a daily process requiring bankers to monitor lizard and project cash flows to ensure that adequate liquidity is maintained. The investment portfolio serves as the primary source of liquidity and represents a smaller portion of assets. I nvestment securities can be liquidated to satisfy deposit withdrawals and increased loan demand. 2) Is perception of Liquidity more important for a banking/investment banking firm than manufacturing firms (such as Ford or Boeing)? Why? Yes. The main sources of funding for commercialized banks are deposit, interbank borrowings, commercial banks deposits, the international money market borrowings and the issuance of financial bonds, among which the short-term deposit accounts for the vast bulk of the proportion. However, these funds are primarily used for commercial loans, discounting business, securities investment, etc. These higher profitability and long-term loans account for the absolute proportion in the composition of assets.This twin between assets and liabilities makes the liquidity of assets very important in banks operation. Since when sudden changes occurred in the market, a large number of customers will be forced to perform withdrawal, whence the bank will be very dif ficult to realize its assets and to meet its liquidity needs. In some sense, it is similar for the investment banks. The difference is just that they do not raise money from retail depositors most of the money is funded in the interbank market and is used to hold illiquid mortgage backed securities.Once banks were not able to provide funding for business, a banking contagion will occur and blossom forth. A traditional manufacturing business is generally funded by equity or long-term debt and has steady cash flows from business operations. Even in the case of a collapse of such businesses, it would not have the same contagion effect as banks. (3) What could Bear Stearns have done to address its Liquidity concerns, which initiated the run on the bank? 1. The basis of the modern financial placement is not physical assets, but peoples confidence in this system.Actually when the rumor of BSC running out of cash was widely spread, BSC was forced to make a public announcement to ensure t he public that their financial situation was solid and their liquidity was sufficient. Unfortunately, BSC did not take valid action or provide strong evidence such as strengthen its financial sheets or reducing leverage to convince investors. The board should pay more attention to the operation of the corporate rather than participate in a span tournament. 2. BSC could reduce leverage by selling their risky assets to generate cash during a period of financial stress.They should maintain enough reserves in the form of short-term instruments of the highest credit quality to meet the obligation. So an amount of funds should be invested only in instruments that have guaranteed liquidity, like treasury instruments. 3. Bear Stearns, three-quarters of whose gross was still dependent on the market (see the source below), should adopt diversification strategy to find a real alternative to business and improve its finance. The plans could be accelerate the development in other countries and diversified business, including equities, investment banking and asset management businesses.Source http//finance. sina. com. cn/money/ coming(prenominal)/20080403/09024705325. shtml (4) What lessons can we infer from Bear Stearnss failure regarding the business model of investment banks? Diversification of the investment is the foremost thing to consider for any matured investor. Investing heavily into one company, one industry, or having only one investment strategy is unadoptable. You are banking for speculation that one company or industry will always do well. But in fact, it is hardly possible to be in perfect condition at any time.You must make your investment portfolio diversified. Maybe an element of international stocks can be added into the portfolio. When the U. S. market is unprofitable, it still has the chance to light profits from Asia and Europe so as to keep the portfolio solid. Sometimes high leverage can kill a firm. In March 2008, Bear owned tangible equity capit al of about $11 billions versus total assets of $395 billionsa leverage ratio of 36. For some(prenominal) years, this reckless financing bring the company a profit margin of about one third and a return on equity of 20 percent.However, when the market endured a sharp downturn, Bear lose a lot of capital and willing creditors. During the ensuing months, the same story was to be played out at scores of other banks and non-banks. (5) Looking forward is the concept of pure-play investment banks sustainable? The performance of a pure-play investment bank can be highly influenced by the type of investing style which targets at it. For instance, if a pure-play banks business is favored by growth investing, the company will do well during a bull market, where growth stocks tend to outperform the market.Conversely, a pure-play bank associated with growth investing will do poorly during bear market, when a value investing strategy is historically more profitable. Whats more, the pure-play i nvestment banks have relied heavily on short-term capital, especially repo transactions in which counterparties take collateral as security against the cash they lend. As public companies, pure-play banks faced pressure to deliver return on equity comparable to that of universal banks, even as those banks stupefy competitive pressure on traditional advisory businesses such as MA, underwriting, and changes and trading.In rejoinder, pure-play banks resorted to the two advantages they had over non-depository institutions unlimited, unregulated leverage capacity, and increasing trustingness on proprietary trading to deliver earnings. 3. Systemic Banking Crisis and Regulation What is a systemic banking crisis? What is banking contagion? What was the rationale for the creation of fire-wall of separation between investment banking and commercial banking in USA that was institutionalized by the Banking Act of 1933? Why did the regulators weaken and phase out that fire-wall of separatio n in 1990s?Identify the major Deregulatory Acts and its role in the meltdown of the investment banking industry? In your opinion, based on lessons from past global banking crisis, what steps should regulators make up now to address similar future problems? (1) What is a systemic banking crisis? Systemic banking crisis refers to the crisis detrimental to the whole financial system. It is the fatal chaos that several disastrous crises occur simultaneously, such as monetary crisis, banking system crisis, foreign-debt crisis, etc.The crisis expands from one financial market to another. For example, from the stock market to the real estate market or foreign-trade market, etc. (2) What is banking contagion? Banking contagion refers to a scenario where the banks, which initially modify by some crisis spread to the other banks even the other countries whose economy is previously healthy. In this scenario, the expansion could be very quick and disastrous. The international spread might cau se the whole banking system to be paralyzed and need another several more years for recovery. 3) What was the rationale for the creation of fire-wall of separation between investment banking and commercial banking in USA that was institutionalized by the Banking Act of 1933? There are 3 major factors. 1. Risk of losings (safety and soundness). Banks that engaged in underwriting and holding corporate securities and municipal revenue bonds presented significant risk of loss to depositors and the federal government that had to come to their rescue they were also more subject to failure with a resulting loss of public confidence in the banking system and greater risk of financial system collapse. . Conflicts of interest and other abuses. Banks that offer investment banking service and mutual funds were subject to conflicts of interest and other abuses, thitherby resulting in the harm to their customers, including borrowers, depositors, and correspondent banks. 3. Improper banking activ ities. Even if on that point were no actual abuses, securities-related activities are contrary to the way banking ought to be conducted.The Act prohibited the combination of a depository institution, such as that, commercial banks (those that accept deposits) were prohibited from engaging in most investment banking activities, including underwriting and selling securities, and from affiliating with investment banks and other companies engaged principally in the trading of securities. Likewise, investment banks were barred from accepting deposits. (4) Why did the regulators weaken and phase out that fire-wall of separation in 1990s? Inspired by a desire to make U. S. nvestment banks competitive with foreign deposit-taking investment banks such as UBS, Deutsche Bank, and Credit Suisse First Boston, a Republican Congress and President Clinton passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act in 1999, permitting insurance companies, investment banks, and commercial ban ks to compete on equal footing across products and markets. (5) Identify the major Deregulatory Acts and its role in the meltdown of the investment banking industry? 1999Glass-Steagall Act Fell The repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999 had larger ramifications than any other steps in deregulation.Repealing this act made it possible for investment banks to be savings and loan banks and to receive to the same government protections as savings and loan banks. An investment bank could make investments with peoples savings, sometimes irresponsibly, and those investments now were guaranteed by the federal government. 1988Securitization In 1988, securitization, or repackaging assets as a financial instrument to sell to investors, became legal. Banks were allowed to sell their mortgages to SPVs. Mortgages were no longer being made to hold but to sell, and lending requirements became substantially more lenient.This created a combination of bad loans and banks without the funds to back the m up. 2004SEC In 2004, the SEC abolished the net capital rule, which restricted the amount of debt their brokerage units could take on-demonstrated this growing appetite for leverage. This led investment banks to leverage themselves at a financially irresponsible 30 to 1 percent, meaning that for every $1 they had on hand they had $30 in debt. When some of these investments collapsed, the banks did not have the ready capital to maintain their companies. Ultimately, increased leverage and proprietary trading ravaged the nvestment banking industry, leading to the collapse, merge, or restructure of all 5 major pure-play banks on breakwater road. This time, the SEC took the unprecedented step of temporarily banning short sales of financial institution stocks. The ban caused massive losses in hedge fund portfolios and dissuaded them from making additional investments, denying would-be issuers access to needed capital. Moreover, the SEC placed a ban on so-called cutting shorting, which reduced the total amount of short interest that could accumulate in a stock. 6) In your opinion, based on lessons from past global banking crisis, what steps should regulators institute now to address similar future problems? 1. The regulations should be placed on the fundamental part of economy. For example, when there seems to have bubbles in one field, the Fed should not ignore. It should adjust the policy towards the industry to change the unbalanced situation. 2. To fortify the risk awareness continuously in traders mind, especially those who control the wealth of millions of people. Their behaviors might have huge influence to the market and the profitability of the firms. 3.The Fed should research for adjustment for investors from the market of different systems to ensure that obstacles will not exist in transnational trades. Meanwhile, policies of staying resistant to exterior crisis should be prepared in case of the explosion of crisis. 4. Federal Bailout and Public Policy Why did the Federal Reserve bail-out Bear Stearns? Why was Lehman Brothers allowed to collapse while Bear Stearns was not? Is the Fed orchestrated sale of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America the optimal solution for addressing the crisis? Could Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs have survived with out seemly bank holding companies?In your view, what public policy role should the Federal Reserve play in maintaining sustainability in global banking and stability securities markets? Why was there such a public out-cry against the bailout of Wall Street investment banks? Based on this recent performance how would you rate the Federal Reserves response to the financial crisis? (1) Why did the Federal Reserve bail-out Bear Stearns? If Bear went bankruptcy, it would affect other firms in Wall Street as well, since Bear was a market leader in prime brokerage and clearing who provided trading and back-end services to many other Wall Street financial institutions.Most customer asset would get fr ozen in the event of bankruptcy, and many hedge funds had collateral in the firm. Because of Bears holding of 13 trillion credit neglectfulness swaps, the collapse of Bear would influence many other companies, which means too big to fail at that time. However, the Fed didnt forecast that this kind of librate will happen again. The Fed Reserve bailed out Bear Sterns just to avert crisis and dissuade further irresponsible risk-seeking. The bailout benefited Wall Street at the get down of Main Street and the low share price was to discourage banks from taking on similar risk. 2) Why was Lehman Brothers allowed to collapse while Bear Stearns was not? The stopping point to let Lehman Brothers fail was largely made by then-Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and the British Financial Services Authority. The public outcry over the taxationpayer assumption of $29 billion in potential Bear losses made repeating such a move politically untenable. Therefore, the Fed refused to back Lehmans l iabilities and catcher losses from Lehmans toxic mortgage holdings. Moreover, Barclays quitted the acquisition, worrying that it could not be satisfied with the timely shareholder approval, which directly led to the collapse of Lehman.The Fed also wanted to set it as an example, to let other company to know that not every time the government will come out to bail out the company, so they will have deliberate consideration repeatedly before making all kinds of risky investments. (3) Is the Fed orchestrated sale of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America the optimal solution for addressing the crisis? No. This transaction doubled the investment banking size of Bank of America. Furthermore, it exposed Bank of America to mortgage-backed securities, which had minus impact on the long-term credit rating of the bank.This transaction could not prevent the occurrence of another such case like Merrill Lynchs, and this behavior could not bring unforgettable lesson to other banks. (4) Could Morgan S tanley and Goldman Sachs have survived without becoming bank holding companies? No. According to the research, Goldman Sachs was a major beneficiary of the governments bailout of the financial services industry, not only through AIG but also through its ability to fall under the regulatory umbrella as a bank holding company, which made it eligible for debt guarantees and other government backstops.Every financial services company on the earth wanted to become a bank and line up for the handouts coming from Washington such as American Express, GE Capital, and GMAC. Even Willem Buiter, a former central banker, wanted to become a bank. Goldman was in a more precarious position than bank holding companies because of the vulnerabilities of being a broker-dealer. Nouriel Roubini warned repeatedly before Lehmans collapse that the large skillful services broker-dealer model was broken. (5) In your view, what public policy role should the Federal Reserve play in maintaining sustainability i n global banking and stability securities markets?From the lesson of subprime lodgement crisis, we believe the Federal Reserve should control the capital, but without influencing the supply and demand. Since this crisis was created by those bad loans, the governments control would limit people to invest on housing market, and somehow be better for people who are really in need of a place to stay. Furthermore, we have several pieces of advice to the Fed, besides in housing matters a) Regulate the gross domestic and international banking environment. b) Reinforce the supervision over the risk control of investment banks. ) Restrict the expansion of any potential crisis once any symbol occurs. d) Do best to avoid the asymmetric information in the market. e) Ensure a fair and open environment for trading. (6) Why was there such a public out-cry against the bailout of Wall Street investment banks? Peoples being against to governments bailout the Wall Street had 2 main reasons. First, p eople believed Wall Street got this mess by themselves and they should be the one to clean it up, rather than that the government used tax payer money to excuse the Wall Street.They thought this was not fair, because this kind of action would increase the US governments debt, and tax payer would have to pay more tax in the future to cover this debt. This debt may take a long time to be recovered. Second, when the government did get involved in the Wall Street crisis, the free market would not exist anymore, and next time if any firm had problem, they would ask the government to save them, which would totally be against the American sparing policy, and belief. 7) Based on this recent performance how would you rate the Federal Reserves response to the financial crisis? Based on the recent performance, we think they had done what they had to do, but we think they should let the economic fail, based on the free market of American. They should let the invisible hand control the market, and the market should flow freely by itself. It will come back up, however long it takes. Now the government is using the tax payers money to cover Wall Street crisis, which actually is not fair.

Career Plan Essay

During the five week course of Business Communication and Critical Thinking, there were activities at the My locomote jut out page on University of Phoenixes website that were requisite to be spotless for the week. They were Career interests Profiler, Competencies, Work Culture Preferences and Reasoning Aptitude. This Author will discuss those activities that were taken and completed during this course. The discussion will also be tailored around how this course applies to the career plan.Career Interests ProfilerThe first activity was the Career Interests Profiler. Before the My Career Plan can give ideas as to the possible career paths for this author, a series of questions needed to be answered in order for the profiler to tailor the careers according to the answers given. Upon the completion of tell the questions, the profiler had identified three specific characteristics for this author. They were artistic, realistic and enterprising. Below these were possible career paths that correlated with the three characteristics. Amongst the top picks were arts, designs, entertainment, media and sports. Innately a creative person, this author agrees with volume of the matches given. Critical thinking is an imperative aspect when looking at the arts and design careers. Innovation is key and requires a large amount of focused and creative perspectives.CompetenciesThe second activity was the competencies section. This activity is to uncover the personal behaviors, skills and abilities to drive performance at work. The results from this activity were formulated by yet another series of questions to accurately identify the test takers specific competencies. Results from this test were similarly accurate as well. Organization, following instructions and innovating were among the top strengths for this author. All of these strengths are important in the humankind of business and communication, and also assist in the ability to critical thinking.Work Culture Prefere ncesThe third activity was Work Culture Preferences, which helped to uncover the personal ideal work culture and discover where this author would perform the best. The results form the questionnaire stated that this authors work culture is Leadership intensive, Supportive and Expert. These are cultures in a working atmosphere that are very agreeable to this author. The need for leadership, along with ongoing support from that leadership is imperative. Also, the need to be a valued member or superior in the working environment is equally as important as the others.Reasoning AptitudeLastly, Reasoning Aptitude was the final activity required to complete the My Career Plan activities. The results form this was the same as the competencies earlier described. The objective was to formulate a personal aptitude range to career exploration. The that addition to this section stated that this author was focused.ConclusionThis author sees the importance to the My Career Plan. Knowing this in formation can allow the user to generate a clear idea of the desired work environment in a career that suites the needs and strengths of the student. Blindly searching for a career path without wise to(p) what interests, competencies, work culture and reasoning aptitudes align with the student can be very difficult, and next to impossible.

Sociology 101 Study Guide Exam 4

Deviance1) defining deviance is difficult and subjective (sociologists dont agree).2) for our purpose deviance mustA) appal significant norms.B) Result in negative evaluation for reaction.1) Conflict theory. stress that the supply elect(ip) uses the legal scheme to control worker and to stabilize the accessible order, either with the goal of keeping itself in power. The poor pose a threat, for if they rebel as a group they can dislodge members of the power elite from their place of privilege. To prevent this, the power elite makes certain that heavy penalties come down on those whos discourtesys could upset the amicable order.2) Functional theory- Argue that crime is a natural part of society. Stress that the mixerl classes differ in opportunities for income and education, so they differ in opportunities for crime. As a result, street crime is higher among the glower social classes and white-collar crime is higher among the higher social classes. The growing crime rates of women illustrate how changing gender roles have given women more than(prenominal) access to what sociologist call illegitimate opportunities. 3) Social foundations- Labeling Theory-questions who applies what label to whom, why they do this, and what happens as a result of this labeling.The significance of reputations, how they help set us on paths that propel us into deviance or that diver us away from it. Anomie Theory-concept developed by Emile Durkheim to describe an absence of clear societal norms and values. In the concept of anomie individuals lack a sense of social regulation pot feel unguided in the choices they have to make.Differential Association-a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior (how people learn to become criminals).Crime 1). Elements 2). Categories- Mental illness 1) Dr. Thomas Szasz mental illness atomic number 18 neither m ental nor illness. They are simply problem behaviors.2) Rosenhahn study-A study d single proving it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric labels might be a solution and recommended education to make psychiatric workers more aware of the social psychology of their facilities. In this study 8 mentally healthy people took hallucilanded estates attempting to master admission to 12 disparate psychiatric hospitals in five different states. All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.After admission they acted normal again and told staff they felt fine, all were forced to admit to having t a mental illness and agree to take antipsychotic drugs as a condition of their release. All but one was diagnosed with schizophrenia. The second part of his study involved an offended hospital challenging Rosenhan to send pseudopatients to its facility, which its staff would then detect. Rosenhan agreed and in the following weeks out of 193 current patients the staff identified 41 as potential pseudopatients, with 19 of these receiving suspicion from at least 1 psychiatrist and 1 other staff member.In fact Rosenhan had sent no one to the hospital Substance Abuse1) Types of drug use-2) Social policy-3) Conflict view-Individuals and groups in society struggle to maximize their share of the limited resources that pull round and are desired by humans. Given that there are limited resources, the struggle inevitably leads to conflict and competition. These struggles can lead to changes in institutions and societies as different groups come into power. Social control- The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.1) Formal- Expressed though law as statues, rules and regulations against deviant behavior. Usually carried out by those in a position of power and/or pledge such as a police officer, judge, or principal of a school.2) Informal- Denominates customs, traditions, norms and other social v alues inherited by the individual. Informal sanctions may overwhelm ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. Prejudice- An attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way.Discrimination1) Individual- Treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person found on the draw, class, group, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on the individual.2) Institutional- The unfair, indirect treatment of an individual embedding in the operating(a) procedures, policies, laws, or objectives of large organizations. Can occur without conscious cause, is often subtle and nearly invisible, reinforced by the interrelationship of social institutions.Example- jobs not hiring people chthonic the height of 54 which eliminates most Mexicans and women, or in other countries women arent allowed to participate in some religious activities or government. Post-Industria l Society- Society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing.Economic Systems1) Capitalism-An economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition.2) Socialism-An economic system characterized b the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution o goods without a profit motive. Genocide- The attempt to destroy a group of people because of their presumed race or ethnicity (ethnic cleansing). Minority-People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. Plessey vs Ferguson- Decision by the US Supreme Court that confirmed the belief of separate but equal and minority segregation.Brown vs Board of Education-This case took on segregation at bottom school systems, or the separation of white and black students within public schools. Up until this case, many stats had laws establishing separate schools for white students and another for blacks. This landmark case made those laws unconstitutional. This case set the foundations for the civil rights movement. Exploitation Theory- occurs when one social group is able to take for itself what is produced by another group.The concept is central to the idea of social oppression, especially from a Marxist perspective, and can also include noneconomic forms, such as he sexual exploitation of women by men under patriarchy. Amalgamation-(melting pot) all groups should combine their traditions calues and characteristics with one another to create a freshly group. Assimilation-The loss of a subaltern groups native language and culture under pressure to assimilate to those of a dominant cultural group.Contact Hypothesis-This is the principle that brings people together who are in conflict (or where one is bullying the other), the conflict will subside as they get to understand one another.Power1) Au thority-Power that people consider legitimate, as rightly exercised over them also called legitimate power.2) Traditional-Those who exercise authority do so because they continue a tradition and support the delivery and continuation of existing values and social ties. For interpreter Queen is Head of States in Britain, a position she inherited on the basis of traditional rules of chronological sequence for the monarchy.3) Rational Legal- Those in authority give orders (and expect to be obeyed) because the office they fill gives them the right to give orders. Anyone who fills the same position has the right to issue orders. Orders are only to be obeyed if they are relevant to the situation in which they are given. Example, a teacher orders complete your homework by Thursday the order is evaluate to be obeyed, but if the same teacher asked the student to go get her milk from the store, they wouldnt be expected to obey.4) Charismatic-People obey because of the personal qualities of the person doing the telling. well-known charismatic figures include Jesus Christ, Hitler, and Chairman Mao. However, charismatic figures may arise in any social grouping and such people assume positions of authority over others on the basis of personal qualities of leadership b other group members.5) Coercive-People forced to do as they are told under threat of punishment. For example a prison or a school classroom.6) Renumerative-Power rest on the material means provided by money or some other bribe which the members desire and the organization controls. Government-Political authority a group of people who have the power to make and enforce laws for a country or area.1) Monarchy-A state or nation in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in monarch. The head of state is often for life or until abdication.2) Democracy-Have the consent of the people. The officials xercising power have legitimate authority because they have been elected, and the mechanism for chan ging the government is through peaceful and regular elections.3) Oligarchy-Political power effectively rest with a small, elitre instalment of society. Greek for few rule4) Totalitarianism-The state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior.5) Dictatorship-A government headed by a dictator or more generally any authoritarian or totalitarian government. Power Elite-C. Wright Mills term for the top people in U. S. corporations, military, and political who make the nations major decisions. Types of Work-

Morality and Obligation Essay

1. Two preliminary steps taken, that may be necessary, before one can intuitively appreciate the rightness of an actionion are thinking fully about the consequences of an action. In other words, think before you act. Also give thought (consideration) to the persons touch in said action or your relation(ship) with the persons involved.2. An action is considered morally good in addition to being right when it is the right thing to do, while as well as stemming from a good place. When the person or agent performs said act because it is right, from a feeling of agreement, a morally good act is also right.3. tally to Prichard, an action done from a sense of obligation, there is no purpose consisting either in the action itself or in anything which it will produce. A motive, being something that moves one to act, can be the sense of obligation, an action done from a sense of obligation can indeed have a motive.4. Avirtuous act is done from a desire that is intrinsically good. A moral act may be done from obligation. There cant be an obligation to act virtuously, because we can only feel an obligation to act or do something. We cannot, however, feel an obligation to act from a certain desire5. It is a mistake to expect moral philosophy to prove through argumentation that we ought to fulfill our obligations, because moral rightness cannot be demonstrated, only apprehended directly by an act of moral thinking. The sense of obligation is a result of a moral thought or thoughts. Moral philosophy can ply reflection on the immediacy of our knowledge of moral rightness and the intuitive recognition of the goodness of the virtues.

Cultural practices Essay

Culture, ethnocentrism and heathenish relativity are the three terms which form the basis of this essay. There is an effort to define each of these terms in as precise cosmosner as possible. More everyplace some discussion on forgiving attitudes and characteristics precedes the final answer to the question brush aside we judge a cultural practice as ripe(p) or wrong ? The answer is affirmative Yes, all cultural practices cannot be considered equal and beyond reproach, judging them as mightily or wrong is surely acceptable.Definitions Culture is defined as, the totality of mental and physical reactions and activities that characterize the behavior of individuals composing of a social group together with and individually in relation to their natural environment, to other groups, to members of the group itself, and of each individual to himself. ( Heuristic device) Ethnocentrism is defined as tendency to look at the world, mainly from the perspective of ones own glossiness. It often entails the belief that ones own flight or ethnicgroup is the most of the essence(predicate) and/or that some or all aspects of its finishing are superior to those of other groups. ( Ethnocentrism). Cultural relativity is the principle that an individuals beliefs and activities should be interpret in terms of his own culture. ( Cultural relativism). It is important to note over here that the five civilizations of human history is the mother of all cultural practices. individually civilization devised a behavioral pattern which suited the local geographic, economic and political conditions. The roots of all ethnicgroups claiming to have their own and independent culture can be traced back to these five civilizations. They are essentially offshoots of the basic civilization. Discussion It has been proved beyond doubt that the major negative characteristics of human race are his greed and his ego. He always wants to dominate over his fellow humans and other living specie s. On the other hand, one of the high hat qualities of human beings is to make our globe a worth living place. Those who devised the cultural practices were in like mannerhuman beings and hence all cultures have something that can be called good and something that can be called bad or not acceptable. A few examples will prove this point. The Indus valley civilization, firmly advocates the theory of do it and let live. Hinduism, a faith originating in the Indian sub-continent advocates only vegetarian food. The argument is, why kill a fish, chicken or an animal when your stomach can be filled with vegetables and cereals, without making any compromise on the nutritive values? So far so good. The equivalent culture has a caste system. The post of a human being is decided by the virtue of his birth. If he is born in a higher caste, he has the world at his feet, and if he is born in a lower caste family, then he is treated as an untouchable, who will never get any opportunity in life sentence to improve his position. The European culture. time European intelligence has been instrumental in framing the highly developed technical world of today, full of comforts, the same Europeans havesucked the blood of the third world population by establishing colonies, for centuries together. A very truthful fact, right from the civilization days to today, is that all human efforts in devising cultural practices have been concentrated at local level only. No culture has a global approach. The Indus valley civilization is perhaps an riddance to this. The practices are laid down for a particular group of people residing in that particular geographic area. In the entire history of human evolution, man has never lived like asingle species. Needless to say, betterment of life and peaceful co-existence were the aims of any cultural practices. Hence, evaluation of any culture should be do on a very basic question, does it allow others to exist peacefully? The two systems o f cultural perceptions, namely ethnocentrism and cultural relativism have very less significance. While ethnocentrism places ones own culture as the only best cultural relativism closes the doors for judgments about other cultures. Ethnocentrismdoes not put Americans or Europeans as the best cultural groups and cultural relativism cannot ignore the fact that slavery system in America is a wrong practice. These perceptions are irrelevant because no culture is supreme or the best, and no culture is so complete in itself . Summary No theory can prevent judgment of the wrong and the right of any cultural practice. Simply because no culture is flawless, when assessed on humanitarian and global grounds. Any practice which preserves the peaceful co-existence and helps in bettermentof life will always be applauded and any practice which promotes injustice, cruelty and domination over others, will always be turned down. If Americans speak up in an ethnocentric way that they are the indire ct dominators of the world affairs, they are mistaken. It was Europe yesterday, America today and tomorrow may belong to some other culture. Similarly if Asians think that there is no need to pass judgment on any other culture because every culture is complete on its own, they are also wrong. They ought to pass a judgment and raise a voice against the wrongcolonization and slavery of Europeans and Americans respectively. No theory can stop passing judgments over any cultural practice. Judgments are necessary. They always help in improving upon the negative aspects of any culture. Works cited page 1) Heuristic device and cultural relativism, wikipedia the innocent(p) encyclopedia, 12 02-07, Retrieved on 14-02-07. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/cultural_relativism 2. Ethnocentrism, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 10-02-07, Retrieved on 14-02-07, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/etnocentrism

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

If the porters can organize their industry, determine their ranks, prove their fighting ability in the interest of the working class, it will excite a intense achievement on the attitude of white organized labor. And it will have a profound effect upon the organizable capacity of Negro workers in other(a) industries. These men who punch our pillows and shine our shoes and stow our bags on a lower floor the seats bear in their hands no little of the responsibility for the industrial future of their take to the woods (The Nation, June 9, 1926).Most observers would have thought it quite un give carely during the early on 1920s that the sleeping car porters, those seemingly insincere men, always bo come ong and scraping in the presence of whites with their hands held out for a tip, would ever have been able to de collapse a union. Even more than preposterous was the thought that they not completely would start a union, but that their organization would become a nation ally re cognized symbol of the New Negro, a leader in the struggle of dour popu late to attain their rightful Place as part of the American working-class.Not only were porters servile and easily frightened men, people would say, but the vast majority of them worked for the Pullman community, a giant among American capitalist enterprises. The follow was the great(p)st single employer of opaques in the country, and most scurrilous spokesmen believed that black people owed the Chicago-based corporation a debt of gratitude. Moreover, the Pullman Company was notoriously anti-union. Should porters attempt anything so foolish as forming a union, the company would crush the incipient movement before it ever began (Perata 45-47).However, by the end of World War II, Randolph and the coupling were major forces at heart American labor and society. The marriage of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), was the first African American labor organization to affiliate with the American Federation of strugg le (AFL). The BSCP, founded by the labor leader Asa Philip Randolph in 1925, organized black Pullman car porters. Far more than a labor union, the BSCP was as well as a frigid organization in the twentieth-century civil rights movement. Randolph was chairman of the BSCP from 1925 to 1968.Although he also held general organizer credentials, his role within the BSCP was largely that of public spokesperson and agitator, with practical matters being left in the hands of men like the BSCP organizers Milton Webster, Ashley Totten, and C. L. Dellums. The labor movement had done more for advancement of blacks than any other institution in America. in the midst of 1928 and the 1935 convention, the laws governing labor-management relations bad changed dramatically. In July 1935, President Franklin D.Roosevelt signed into law the Wagner-Connery Act, which guaranteed workers the right to organize. But more important to the BSCP, Congress had passed the Amended Railway Labor Act of 1934 whic h guaranteed railroad workers that right. Moreover, that act required corporations to accomplish with unions that could prove that they represented the majority of a particular class of workers, and created the National Mediation Board to cherish workers interests. The emancipation of slaves following the Civil War did little to resolve their precarious social and economic status.As late as 1910, 83. 3 percent of African Americans resided in the South. The vast majority were engaged in pastoral work, with black artisanship suffering erosion when Reconstruction ended and Jim Crow systems became dominant. One of the few corporations to employ large numbers of African Americans was the Pullman Company, the maker and supplier of luxury cars for railroads. Fo infra George Pullman hired ex-slaves as servants for his cars as early as 1870, and by the turn of the century, Pullman was the single largest employer of black labor.Of the 12,000 porters employed by Pullman in 1925, all were bla ck except for about 400 Mexicans and a handful of Asians. What emerged was a complex relationship between black employees, the Pullman Corporation, and rail passengers. From its origin the BSCP had three goals. First, of course, union leaders wanted to gain recognition from the Pullman Company as the official representative of porters and maids so as to improve their wages and working conditions.Second, and of equal importance, at to the lowest degree to Randolph, the BSCP was the means by which black workers would break down barriers to equal membership in organized labor. Thus, Randolph and his colleagues install their sights on an international read from the AFL. The unions third goal stemmed from the first two. A union under black leadership strong enough to gain recognition from the Pullman Company and to wrest a charter from the AFL would serve as an example to other working-class blacks of the possibilities for improving their lives. Many of the black men (including J.Finl ey Wilson, chairwoman of the Improved and Benevolent Order of Elks of the World Perry Howard, perennial Republican national committeeman from Mississippi and Benjamin E. Mays, who became president of Morehouse College and of the Atlanta school board) who went on to make names for themselves worked for Pullman at one time. The harsh irony is that such(prenominal) men accepted jobs at Pullman largely because the company offered the best opportunities available for black men. Indeed, a porters yearly pay of $810 plus tips in 1925 far exceeded that of a black school teacher.In addition, porters were considered cosmopolites, men of the world who flitted game and forth across the country, visiting regularly places most blacks could never dream of seeing. Black women were submissive in advancing the brotherhood from its earliest days. A small number of black women employed as maids by the Pullman Company took out memberships in the BSCP, but women were most active in auxiliaries. Wives a nd other female relatives of Pullman employees started to present local auxiliaries in 1926, and that same year several auxiliaries combined to form the Colored Womens Economic Council.Womens auxiliaries were instrumental in raising money for the brotherhood in the days before an AFL charter boosted the organizational treasury. They also performed important community functions such as offering financial assistance to families left destitute when the Pullman Company dismissed black wage earners (Chateauvert 197). The BSCP took advantage of President Franklin D. Roosevelts election in 1932. New Deal statute outlawed company unions and granted workers the right to bargain through their own elected units.In 1934, the Railway Labor Act was amended to include sleeping car employees. Women continued their feverish activity on behalf of the union, and womens auxiliaries became so numerous that a coordinated network of Ladies Auxiliaries of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters emerged in 1938. Increased political, legal, and organizational activity gave Randolph the necessary leverage to call for a union election. In June 1935, despite massive layoffs by Pullman, the BSCP won collective bargain rights by a nearly eight-to-one margin.BSCP officials not only sought legitimacy for their own union but looked on the union as a vehicle for the advancement of all black workers. During the Great Depression the Brotherhood participated in various grass roots activities and workers actions. The union coupled in the numerous protests throughout the country over the plight of the Scottsboro Boys, nine young blacks convicted of rape in Alabama, and was a leader in the successful efforts of organized labor and civil rights organizations to prevent the confirmation of pretend John J.Parker, whom President Herbert Hoover nominated for the Supreme Court in 1930 (Santino 34). The BSCP alone tied unitedly Parkers racist and anti-union sentiments. And though they would not go so far as to support Communist activities, Randolph and other BSCP spokesmen encouraged black workers to form workers councils so as to demand equitable relief funds from the U. S. government, in particular after the origin of the New Deal. The BSCP was the very first African-American labor union to sign a collective bargaining agreement with a main U.S. corporation (Santino 67). All applicants were required to take the cosmopolitan Test the United supposes Employment Service. Each applicant was also given an intensive interview with an involvement service counselor to determine whether he might have a substantial potential in the carry on regardless of his ability to meet the minimum standards. Under the collective bargaining agreement, appointments as apprentices were to be made from among the highest scorers. Randolphs career is one of the most interesting in contemporary black history.As an opponent of alliance in World War I and an angry critic of the Wilson administration, Randolphs writings earned The Messenger the deed of the most able and the most dangerous of all Negro publications (Pfeffer 67). During the inter-war years he devoted himself to trade union organization and gained prominence as the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Not only did he secure recognition of the union from the railroads, but in 1936 took it into the American Federation of Labor as an international union.This unions founding and struggle for recognition was a dramatic episode in the history of black workers (Harris 78). The black leaders of the period, including Du Bois and Randolph, who believed in programs of interracial cooperation also believed that such a policy of working with whites mustiness be accompanied by a campaign of public enlightenment about black people. To win whites to the cause it was necessary to correct the black image in their minds. Beyond an appeal to the conscience of whites, or to their democratic ideals, it was necessary to r emove the misconceptions they held about blacks.In the mid- 1930s the Brotherhood won two notable victories-the pass of an international charter from the American Federation of Labor and recognition by the Pullman Company as the bargaining agent for the porters and maids. Strengthened by its international union status and by its victory over the Pullman Company, the Brotherhood had become a dominant force in Negro circles by the late 1930s. References Chateauvert, Melinda. (1997). Marching unitedly Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Urbana University of Illinois Press. Harris, William. (1977).Keeping the Faith A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster, and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925-37. Urbana University of Illinois Press. Perata, David. (1996). Those Pullman Blues An Oral level of the African American Railroad Attendant. New York Twayne Publishers. Pfeffer, Paula F. A. (1990). Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement. Baton Rouge Louisi ana State University Press. Santino, Jack. (1991). Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle Stories of Black Pullman Porters. Urbana University of Illinois Press. The Nation, June 9, 1926, p. 3.

Aliens, Go Home

Should vile immigrants be direct back to their countries, or should they be granted amnesty? Is this a question of ethical motive or of uncomplicated issue policy?Granting amnesty for irregular aliens forgives their acts of illegal immigration and implicitly forgives a nonher(prenominal) related illegal acts such as driving and working with false documents (www.usamnesty.org). Why should a national policy be bent to such extremely unreasonable extent?If the number is about morality, it pull up stakes be highly subjective as morality is prone to being understood from too many an(prenominal) various perspectives, the result of which can be too complicated to deduce into a single stand.However, if the result is about uncomplicated fundamental national policy, which states that illegal immigrants should be punished because they clearly broke the law, the matter becomes very basic and very easy to see.Illegal immigrants atomic number 18 law overstepers. Why spare them of the pu nishment that they have inclined(p) themselves for in the moment that they decided to retard the law? It does not make sense.Even though statistics from various canvass illustrate that most Americans are in favor of granting illegal immigrants the amnesty (USA Today) they need to subsequently subscribe to a green card, it is still not a straightforward thing to do.For one, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is equivalent to admission of a scant(p) national policy, ergo, a weak national system. Why create a law that youre ready to break?If youre changing your laws for the convenience of people who were ready to break them, what is now the distinction between the ruler and the subordinates? Much worse, who is now ruling in the country that had created the laws in the first place? Aliens?Second, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is unethical. At the risk of crossing the borders of morality issues, illegal immigration is first and foremost an issue of ethics. Illegal immi grants might argue that they have the right to exercise granting immunity of movement however, opendom of movement only applies to movement within national borders (Wiki).Third, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is a crystal clear invitation to future lawbreakers. Regardless of any reason for such an act, which others deem reasonable and humane, the true statement of the matter is that it allow for eventually backfire and bring forth more trouble than ever. Future offenders are watching.If they see that theres a way to get away with being an alien, then they will fear less about breaking in borders and entering a different country. Then the weak system will be subjected to an unimaginable, albeit invited chaos, coming from different nationalities, into one nation. What good will it do, considering all the potential clashing of cultures and vanishing centuries-old traditions?Each country has had a way of living that is distinct from the other. One way of preserving this is restricting the number of immigrants and standing guard against the destruction of old and protected cultures. No country will abide by in doing this if illegal immigrants are tolerated beyond what national laws provide for.Fourth, an increasing threshold for the tolerance of illegal immigrants will inevitably give way to the entrance, proliferation and perhaps subsequent tolerance of human and drug trafficking, which is a nightmare for a country that is supposed to protect its constituents. (americas.org)Having said the four major reasons for eliminating the possibility of granting amnesty, this topic will now enumerate reasons why illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries with a authorised malicious record of being an alien at least once.Immigration amnesty can potentially usefulness a massive 12 to 20 million illegal immigrants currently living in the joined States. (www.usamnesty.org)This number of people should be sent back to their countries because, for on e, they are law breakers. Second, if they could ignore their own countries laws, what good can they do for the country they moved in? Considering this massive number of people, would it be much impress if criminal acts increase in a nation?This is not to say that undocumented aliens are machine-driven criminals. But consider this, wont any one of them be suspect?Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration. Spain, for one, has created more than half of all the new jobs in the EU over the past five years, and is now a destination for undocumented aliens. These jobs should go to the people of Spain, not to the aliensThe thing is, the matter is not about what majority thinks, but simply, it is about what is right. Illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries and be marked, so that other countries will take note that they were lawbreakers once, and so the undocumented aliens could timber the magnanimity of the offense they have done.It is bad eno ugh that some people have trouble following the law. How much worse could it be if a country creates a system where laws can be break and amnesty can be granted such that any potential offender could feel free to follow in the footsteps of those who had broken the law before them?

How We Market your Products

Our vision is that every business and organization will fin bothy film a mesh station to market their comp each, products, and services. Users will migrate from the off-line yellow pages to the meshing to fancy and contact local businesses. Current online hunt club tools do a good job of list the web, but finding location-specific businesses is haphazard and inaccurate. We focus on cataloging every business and organization web office into a single commercial database so that subprogramrs can quickly and easily find local, national, or globose businesses online.1. Become the definitive source for listing & displaying business & organization web site information. Similar to the off-line yellow pages, we want to be the single source of information about every commercial web site and keep it the most watercourse and up-to-date.2. Instead of becoming a destination site, we deliver our square-built database to sailplaning sites (search engines & requireories), media compan ies, local portal sites & government sites, and any other web property that want to process their users find a complete source of business web sites in one spot.3. Help manage the navigation tools at the smaller sites by delivering navigation data and allowing them to outsource their search engine content attention to create a network of smaller portals that share navigation content and resources.We have developed engineering science to spider the web and categorise & database commerical sites. The technology is similar to a search engine spider in that it converges the URL and description of sites by following neckties. But we use a process that assigns apiece link to one of our 15,000 yellow-pages type categories by using specific keywords and comparing where it is categorize in other online databases. Also, our spider gathers business contact information, such as address, recall numbers, and email information. This allows us to follow-up our efforts with a direct contac t to individually business to ensure their listing information and category is correct.Our active technique ensures we gather 5 periods more web sites in each category than the average online directory maintains. By categorizing each listing and recording the contact data, we provide much- leaded periphery for the web our technique allows the user to see all of the particular businesses in a particular geographic location. It is a cross between the yellow pages and an online search engine of web sites.The process of updating our data is one the most beefy on the web. source our spider revisits each site at least once every quarter to verify the information. remote other services & software that just check if a link is live, we can tell if the site is under contraction, or the domain name is for sale, or other signs that the business is unavail equal to(p) although the link dust active. More importantly, we e-mail the business at least once a year for changes, and reward compan ies that resolve with a higher ranking. This gives us a good repsonse rate and ensures a proactive interest from each company to keep their data up-to-date.The primary targets are those established portal and navigation sites online that have a need to deliver this content. These includeWeb-based directories and search engines, such as yahoo, excite, lycosBusiness directories and smaller search portalsIndustry-related sites & portals ( frock.net, lawyers.com, etc.)Media sites (newspapers, idiot box stations, radio)Direct mail services & mailing list providersContent providers & other infomediariesTogether I have databased 500,000 web sites so far, and many of them are businesses in these categories. Each listing includes a link, business name, address, phone numbers, and email. For our meeting next week, I will provide an Access database of all the companies I have categorized in these fields.I want to see if there is a need for my product in any of the markets that Ive described above. My biggest concern is finding a market for the product Ive developed, and these questions might help answer that.What is their biggest need in terms of their site?Do they maintain a listing of connect to web sites relating to their field?How do they add new information and keep existing information current?How much time and money is spent on managing this data?Would they be willing to share this data with us, in return for receiving the information shared by other sites in our network?If we could save them time and money, would they be willing to outsource the management and upkeep of this information?Do they have a need for the type of data weve gathered and services we provide?Do they think their users would benefit from being able to find a complete listing of other web sites related to their subject matter?Would they be willing to pay to use our current and complete database at their site?Who else would be willing to use this data? What other types of businesses have Ive missed?For an example to goal 3 above, it takes a divvy up of time & energy for a local portal to gather the connect of businesses in their area. They only determine the ones that are submitted to them, or the ones they find using their human editors. Likewise, a site focusing on the apparel industry can use a lot of energy & effort to record and display links to clothing & fashion sites in its industry. On the maintenance side, it can be time consuming to categorize their listings, check them to make sure they are current, and modify/delete old & dead links.We want to better half with each site and provide the infomediary to exchange data since they both share data with Speedy Petes database, they have access to not only our spiders adds, but the other sites listings, as well. The local portal may have listings related to the clothing industry that the apparel portal does not have and vice versa. We keep the data current and updated using our technology, and deliver a robust d atabase of shared navigation data to each site.

Philippine history Essay

During the liquidation of the Philippines, the Filipinos lost their freedom. They were being abused by the Spaniards. These are the settings in the Spaniards colonizationThe Filipinos are required to pay off a TRIBUTO or TRIBUTE (TAX).FORCED LABOR is established under the Spaniards government. It is where the male Filipinos 16-60 of age were required to work for the government for 40 days in one year.They were assigned to build or mending roads and bridgesSometimes, they would be assigned to work on a shipyards or foundries or to sleep with timber in the forest. They were in like manner used as soldiers or sailors.The law required that the worker should be given a nominal salary and to have a free rice rations, but then the officials of the Spaniards government were corrupt and ignored the law.They pocketed the salaries and the rice rations were distributed to them.Another burden imposed on Filipinos was the BANDALA.It is a autocratic sale by the Filipino farmers of their far m products to the Spaniards. This system was being abused also by the Spaniards, their goods were undervalued and in many cases their products were not even paid for.The Spaniards introduced Western or European system of education wherein the lead story aim of the education in the Philippines during Spanish regime was to make the Filipinos obedient to them and to be a theology fearing Christians.Spaniards established many other systems which are only for their own good. The Filipinos became slaves for a long time. They abused the Filipinos. They were also being maltreated by the Spaniards. Others are being killed. By the help of our great men and many Americans, the Philippines became free fromthe hands of the Spanish. And this is the end of the Spanish regime.The United States had a different approach in colonizing the Philippines. The Americans considered educating the Filipinos as one of their top priorities in The Philippines. They treated the Filipinos like their friends. Th ese are the settings in the American colonizationThe Americans build schools in the City.Because the Filipinos were hungry for education, they flocked to public and private schools in large numbers.They teach English language to the Filipinos. (The American soldiers were the first teachers of the Filipinos.)They established the Philippine public school system.It provided for free primary education and the establishment of a school to train Filipino teachers.They gave the bright young Filipino students an opportunity to take up high education in American universities and colleges.They introduced Protestantism (It did not gain wide acceptance maybe because Filipinos were deeply believed in Catholicism).They also established Aglipayan Church (Independent Church).The economic development of the Philippines progressed.

Eye Witness Testimony Essay

Eyewitness testimony is so unreliable that it should never be used in convicting criminals. Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. It refers to an score given by person(s) of an case theyve witnessed. Eyewitness testimony is admissible in a court of law of nature to assist in the assent of individuals. In 1976, the Devlin report examined everyplace 2000 identity parades in the U. K. Of the 2000 parades, 45% resulted in a suspect being identified and out of these, 82% were eventu eachy convicted of a crime. In over 300 cases, the witness testimony was the sole evidence used in conviction. 4% of these 300 cases resulted in criminal convictions. The significance of eyewitness testimony was highlighted in this report and resulted in much more query being undertaken. Cohen describes err 1ous eyewitness testimony as being the leading cause of wrongful conviction. The multi store /Atkinson-Shiffrin depot board board model was first recognised in 1968 by Atkinson and Shiffrin. The mo del attempts to identify the mathematical operation that a stimulus must go through and through to become a retrievable memory. After being criticised for its supposed simplicity, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory model.Both of these models propose that memory is a coordination compound phenomenon that must go through numerous stages to become an accurately recal guide memory. It is this process that offers explanation into the complexity of memory and the populacey argonas that may result in memory confabulation. The Psychology of Rumour study by Allport & mail political machineriers (examined latter) similarly alludes to memory being more complex than previously thought and strengthens the theory that memory is a process as opposed to a simplistic film. Sir Frederic Bartlett, (1932) introduced the theory of Reconstructive memory & schemas to Psychology.Schemas where outlined by Mike Cardwell as packages of breeding or unconscious mental structures. The se mental structures are acquired through our experiences, or as a result of our expectations and cultural norms. Bartlett proposed that people use schemas constantly to put down tasks and to assist in making sense of our adjoins. The theory of schemas also suggests that there are gaps in a persons memory that are filled with confabulated information when reconstructed. Sir Bartlett (1973) devised an audition to investigate the effectuate of schemas on peoples memories.Twenty role players read a story called The War of the Ghosts. The story was culturally different western literature, and was awkward for them to comprehend. After some time, the participants were asked to repeatedly recall the story in as much detail as possible. After recalling the same story six times, once even a year after, participants accidentally shortened the story from 330 words to an average of 180. Participants also altered parts of it to cave in suit their westernized culture. A conclusion of this experiment is that Memory recall is influenced by our schemas of cultural background and preexisting knowledge.The experiment has been criticised for a lack of objectivity, being lax on variable control and casual conditions. just, the experimenters findings were also strengthened by Cromberg et al whom in 1996 interviewed people one year after horizontal crash. Of the 193 questioned, 55% falsely said that they had seen the plane come upon the building and 59% inaccurately reported that a fire had started immediately on impact. Allport and Post part (1947) conducted a study titled Psychology of Rumour with participants who were all white. They were shown a picture of an argument mingled with a black gentle bit and a white man on a train.The white man is property a razor and threatening the black man aggressively. The participants were divided into groups of seven. One participant from each group was shown the picture and asked to describe it to the second participant, who descr ibed it to the third, and so forth. Over half the participants who received the final description reported that the black man, non the white was holding the razor. This was false and shows that memory is susceptible to alteration by our own biases and prejudices within society. This experiment has been at the foreland of the interface between law and psychology.The findings have been repeatedly relayed in courts of law to express the un reli efficacy of eyewitness testimony. However, inaccurate accounts of the procedures and implications of the study have been substantially misunderstood and distorted. Language is very important in eyewitness testimony the way that memory is retrieved from a witness strongly affects what that person recalls. Loftus proposed that witnesses could accept false information which would dramatically affect the reliableness of their testimony. This is called misinformation acceptance and May happen in a post event situation such as being interviewed.Lof tus believed some interviews contained leading questions. A leading question is defined as a question that is phrased in a way as to influence or impel a specific form of answer. To test weather leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony, Loftus and palmer (1974) conducted the Reconstruction of elevator car Destruction experiment. Forty five American students were split into 5 subgroups. After being shown various car collisions on slides that were dependant variables for each group, Participants were instructed to answer questions on what they had witnessed.The groups where asked to estimate the speed of the cars before they either hit/ irritated/collided/bumped/contacted. Each subgroup was asked the same question but with different verbs (the independent variable. ) A week later participants were also asked questions such as Did you see any broken glass? when none such existed. The findings of this experiment were that the verb used to describe the collision alter the participants speed estimate given. The prepossessioning questions which they answered systematically affected the participants memory of the accident.The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speeds, followed by collided, bumped, hit, and contacted in descending order. The smashed group also had more participants reporting to have seen glass when there was none. This experiment shows that memory is comfortably distorted by questioning techniques and information can be accepted post event make confabulated memory. Strengths of this experiment are that it was conducted within a controlled environment and has serious implications for interviewing witnesses.However there is weaknesss to the experiment such all participants were students and not a wide range of people. Also, the collisions where viewed on video not in real life. Videos may lack the perceptional impact caused when witnessing a real-life accident Loftus et al (1978) proposed that emotion can affec t memory. Loftus stated that emotional arousal during an event can lead to a decrease in accurate memory recall. Loftus et al conducted an experiment of the effect of emotion on memory by showing two films of an armed robbery to participants. One film was violent, the other was nonviolent.They then tested the participants memories for details of what they had witnessed. The findings showed that the high-arousal version of a young boy being shot and falling to the floor, led to impaired memory recall. This was when compared to the low-arousal version. These findings show that emotions can affect memory. This experiment is lab based and findings may be difficult to transfer into real-life environment. However, being conducted in a controlled environment gives it enhanced ecological inclemency. Peters (1988) supported Yerkes & Dodson that illustrated an best level of emotional arousal enhanced memory.Peters found that when receiving inoculations in a clinic (an anxiety generating ev ent) patients found it difficult in accurately identifying the nurse who issued their jab. One can conclude that this was due to the high levels of arousal surrounding the participant during the time of the jab. There is conflicting evidence weather emotions strengthen or weaken the trueness of eyewitness testimonies. However, both theories support the idea that emotion has an effect on memory. Eastbrook (1959) proposed that arousal narrows the focus of concern.This causes amend memory for central details but impaired memory for peripheral details. Another factor that affects the reliability of eyewitness testimony while witnessing an event is the weapons focus affect. Weapon focus refers to the concentration of attention on a weapon by the witnesses of a crime. Loftus et al claimed that this diverted their attention and resulted in a reduction of remembering numerous other details of the crime or criminal. Loftus (1979) conducted an experiment to study whether the armorial bear ing of a weapon in an emotionally heightened state could affect eyewitness memory.Participants believed they were waiting to participate in a memory study and were waiting outside a laboratory. As they waited, participants in condition 1 overheard a staged yet civil conversation coming from a room regarding equipment failure. A man then exited the room with a greasy hand holding a pen. Condition 2 participants were also privy to a staged conversation from an unseen room. This conversation was hostile and was accompanied by the last of breaking class and broken furniture. A man then exited the room holding a family covered knife.Participants were asked to identify the men they saw from fifty photographs. Condition one participants accurately identified the man 49% of the time. However, condition two participants were able to accurately identify the man only 33% of the time. From these results, Loftus cogitate that presence of a weapon and a hostile confrontation affected witnesss ability to identify the individual. They were unable to focus attention on the man because more attention was concentrated on the weapon. This study is important in demonstrating the impact a weapon has on the reliability of eyewitnesss testimony.However, there have been numerous criticisms of these experiments. No distinction is made as to whether the hostile experience affected participants memories or simply the weapon. There are also huge concerns over the ethical motive of this experiment, participants could have been psychologically damaged by the experience and were unable to withdraw from it as they were unaware it had already begun. This experiment was conducted under controlled conditions within a controlled environment this strengthens the information obtained by increasing the ecological validity of the experiment.The findings are less transferable to real life situations. Chrstianson & Hubinette (1993) demonstrated that in real life settings, memory can be accurate wit h acute stress. Eyewitness testimony is heavily dependent upon face recognition, and so the study of this subject has acute implications in understanding how reliable memories of faces are. Research shows that people have obstruction accurately recognizing individual members of a different race. One explanation for this is that we use specific features to distinguish between members of our own race and those features are not always present between other races.In a study done by Platz and Hosch, (1986) convenience store clerks were asked to identify three customers one white, one black, and one Mexican American, all of whom stopped in the store earlier that day. The results of the study showed that each of the clerks identified customers be to their own race accurately, but when attempting to identify members of the other races, they stated they all look alike. Cross-Race Identification Bias demonstrates how prone people are to making false identifications when asked to identity p eople from a different racial or ethnic background other than their own.This research offers some support to the existence of cross-race identification bias. However the experiment has many weaknesses the participants may have seen many people that day and its unclear whether they were briefed introductory to the experiment. This experiment has enhanced ecological validity because it is set in one environment. There are many independent variables within this research that if altered, may dramatically distort the previous findings. Fisher and Geiselman (1992) developed the cognitive interview This is a specialised interviewing technique designed to increase the accuracy of information given and inform false testimony. The interviewer attempts to eradicate all verbal & nonverbal responses that may affect the witnesss testimony. This is to subjugate the Clever Hans effect where a witnesss may pick up cues. There are four basic principles of the cognitive interview firstly to report everything all details of an event, including information deemed irrelevant. moral reinstatement of original context is another the interviewee mentally recreates the incident fully. The interviewer may also change the timeline of events by reversing the events in order. Finally, the interviewee is instructed to imagine how other witnesses saw the incident. A meta-analysis found in 53 cases, an average increase of 34% in correct event recognition compared to a non-cognitive interview. However this was conducted within a laboratory not a real-life setting. Mine & Bull (2002) decided to test each of the four cognitive principles separately.Participants were interviewed with one cognitive principal as compared to the four. Recall of accurate information was broadly similar to other participants in a control group who were informed to try again. However, when participants were interviewed using a combination of the cognitive principles their components were significantly higher. Extrem ely young and old people tend to have an increased susceptibility to suggestion (Ceci & Bruck, 1993 Cohen & Faulkner, 1989) as well as those whom score high on measures of dissociation.It is clear that eyewitness testimony is not as reliable as a means of conviction as generally thought due to many various factors. There is however many improvements and safe guards that can be utilized to improve the reliability of eyewitness testimony such as performing cognitive interviews and using multiple testimonies. Key factors such as age, race, and the emotional stimulus of an event should be taken into account. Eyewitness testimony is a spanking tool in convicting criminals but may not be accurate enough as a sole means of conviction.