Characters in Relation to a Bee Hive Essay Example for Free

Characters in Relation to a Bee Hive EssayIn Sue Monk Kidds invention The Secret Life of Bees, the female community and the roles in a colony of h superstarybees go hand in hand in completing the underlying question that assists the plots development. The characters throughout the novel present many parallels to the novels main symbol bees. The aspects of a colony and how every bee, each with a different job works together for a common goal or purpose, reflects significantly on the plot and on the main characters. The symbol of bees is connect to many extremely significant themes in the novel such as the power of the female community, and the need for a mother.The jobs of bees in a colony right off relate to and draw parallels to the main characters in the story and the strength of the female community. The brood or baby bee, the worker bees, and the Queen bee are all distinguished roles within a hive of bees just as each different role is important within a household or co mmunity. Coming of get on with in an imperative theme within the plot. A brood or a baby bee characterizes initial innocence and growing up. Lily Owens, the antagonist of the novel, is on a journey of self-discovery, which is comparable to a baby bee in a colony learning its place in the hive.In her growing up, Lily learns important lessons, which help her in the coming-of-age process. Not only is Lily on a journey mentally but she is also on a voyage to find out if her mother unfeignedly left her when she was young. Finding out the truth was quite possibly the hardest berth of Lilys journey Knowing can be a curse on a individuals life. Id traded in a pack of lie for a pack of truth, and I didnt know which single was heavier. Which one took the most strength to carry around? It was a ridiculous question, though, because at a time you know the truth, you cant ever go approve and clean up your suitcase of lies.Heavier or not, the truth is yours now (Monk Kidd 256). When she fi nds out the truth, although the insightfulness exemplified demonstrates her increasing maturity, the anguish in her tone characterizes that she is still a young person with extreme emotions. Lily learns that in situation, refusing to know something is bliss but bliss is not necessarily happiness. Lily, although would feel more comfortable not knowing the actuality of the issue, understands that now that she knows the truth, in that respect is no un-knowing.She realizes that she can either dwell over fact or learn from it. The astute that Lily illustrates, demonstrates that she is in fact maturing, and becoming a large part of the community. When Lilys extremely obnoxious father, who abused her both mentally and physically, intruded into the house where Lily was staying, storming in and demanding her to come home with him, Lilys increasing maturity, once again overpowered her once young voice and eventually persuaded him to leave He drove slowly, not tearing down the road like I ex pected.I watched till he was gone from sight then turned and looked at August and Rosaleen and the Daughters on the porch. This is the moment I remember clearest of all-how I stood in the driveway looking back at them. I remember the sight of them standing there waiting. All these women, all this love, waiting (299). Lily now understands that her biological mother, the one she has been yearning for her entirety, was in fact never going to be with her. Lily finally accepted this and saw that a mother does not need to be biological, nor does it need to be just one.A female role model, someone strong, courageous, and loving can be found in any women. The racist community Lily grew up in during the 50s, where morose women were looked down upon, was absolutely defied. Lily accepted that her biggest role models, her mothers, were a group of black women. The maturity required while overcoming a deep, racist thought surrounding ones mind from the most thought-influencing time of developmen t, is extensive and far-reaching. The power of love is finally understood by Lily and therefore embodying her hunger for knowledge of adult knowledge.Lilys love interest, Zachary Taylor, a black boy is a seemingly outrageous thought for anyone who looked in on the tight night community of the Daughter of Mary. Zach and Lily dual-lane a distant but true and pure love for one another The silver rectangle dropped down under my shirt, where it dangled cold and certain between my breasts. Zachary capital of Nebraska Taylor rested there, along my heart (231). This type of love is a first for Lily. The perplexing, untouched and weakening bound of love between two individuals who are in love was something Lily had never previously sensed.

Insider Trading Essay Example for Free

Insider Trading EssayOur era aptly has been styled, and well may be remembered as, the age of information. Francis Bacon recognized nearly 400 years ago that knowledge is power, (Nickels ,McHugh 2011) Insider work is an unethical activity in which insiders use private partnership information to further their own fortunes or those of their families or friends.Pg.101Insider transaction is a term that includes both legal and illegal conduct. The legal version is when corporate insidersofficers, directors, and employees corrupt and sell stock in their own companies. Illegal insider trading refers generally to buying or selling a security, in breach of a fiducial duty or other relationship of trust and confidence, while in possession of material, nonpublic information some the security.(Agnello Donnelley 1975) Stated if every member of a community has unlimited access to the resources of the community, then the communitys resources soon will be used up unless they happen to be available in infinite supply. The dodge of private ownership of assets, by contrast, effectively can use the price system to ration the assets in such a way as to bear on them properly and to benefit all members of the community.pg. 521The Insider Trading DebateArthur Levitt stated in 1998 that more Americans were investing in the stock market than ever before and Americans had some twice as much money invested in the stock market as in commercial banks. The illegal version of insider trading most of us think of is the type of insider trading that achieved wide-spread in the 1980s with the SECs civil cases and the United States Department of Justices criminal cases against Michael Milken and Ivan Boesky which inspired even Hollywoods imagination with the movie Wall Street. It is the trading that takes place when those privileged with confidential information about important events use the special advantage of that knowledge to reap profits or avoid losings on the stock market, to the detriment of the source of the information and to the typical investors who buy or sell their stock without the advantage of inside information.According to ( Manne 1966) Some repugn that insider trading is a legitimate form of compensation for corporate employees, permitting lower salaries that, in turn, benefit shareholders. It provides an incentive to innovation, some argue, by promising huge rewards for maturation a plan or product that will lead to a precipitous rise in the stock. (Easterbrook 1985). Found that Members of the legal community pock the practice of insider trading. They view insider trading as an unethical abuse of power by corporate officers and directors. people who have invested resources to develop their human capital to break assimilate information, or corporate officers and directors are always going to have superior access to information.The case of USA vs Raj RajaratnamAn excellent example referring to insider trading would be the Raj Rajaratnam i ncident. (Belczyk U.S. lawyers Office 2011). A federal jury in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York embed that Galleon Group hedge fund founder Raj Rajaratnam orchestrated the largest hedge fund insider trading case in US history and convicted Rajaratnam on all 14 counts of insider trading including five counts of conspiracy to commit securities fraud and nine counts of committing securities fraud from 2003 to March 2009. In just over 18th months, this office has charged 47 individuals with insider trading crimes Rajaratnam is the 35 person to be convicted. On Oct. 2011 Rajaratnam was sentenced to 11 years in prison In addition to his prison term, Rajaratnam was sentenced to two years of oversee release and ordered to pay forfeiture in the amount of $53,816,434 and a $10 jillion fine. RAJARATNAM will surrender to authorities on November 28, 2011. (Richey 2011) On January 20, 2011 Danielle Chiesi was arrested in 2009 along with Galleon Group hedge fund found er Raj Rajaratnam.After pleading guilt-ridden in connection with the case and was incriminate of communicating non-public information about IBM Corporation, Advanced Microdevices (AMD) and Sun Microsystems (now Sun-Oracle) in 2008 and 2009 to her superiors at New Castle Funds LLC, a Manhattan-based investment advisory company formerly part of Bear Stearns. Danielle was accused of using the information to reap more than $4 million in illegal profits for New Castle. Danielle Chiesi admitted to exploiting her access to valuable non-public information to reap $1.7 million in illegal gains. By sharing and conspiring to trade on inside information, Chiesi compromised the companies she sold out and distorted the market for their stocks. (Richey 2011)Former IBM senior vice professorship Robert Moffat was sentenced to six months in prison in September and ordered him to pay a $50,000 fine for his role in the scheme after pleading guilty in March 2010. Former Intel Capital executive Rajiv Goel pleaded guilty to insider trading charges in February 2010. Rajaratnam, Chiesi, Goel and Moffat were arrested in October 19, 2009 and charged along with two other individuals and two work entities with insider trading. The complaint alleged that the individuals provided Galleon Group and another hedge fund with material nonpublic information about several corporations upon which the funds traded, generating $25 million in illicit gain.ReferencesAgnello Donnelley, Property Rights and EJjiciency in the Oyster Industry, 18 J.L. ECON. (1975) pg. 521Easterbrook, Insider Trading as an Agency Problem, in PRINCIPALS AND AGENTS THE STRUCTURE OF BUSINESS (Pratt Zeckhauser eds. 1985). Pg. 330 Henry B. Manne, Insider Trading and the Stock market (1966) (insider trading increases market efficiency because it produces desirable incentives on corporate managers). Retrieved from http//www.sec.gov/news/speech/speecharchive/1966speech.shtml Jaclyn Belczyk U.S. ATTORNEYS OFFICE(2011) May 11 , 2011. Retrieved from http//jurist.org/paperchase/2011/05/us-hedge-fund-founder-convicted-of-insider-trading.php Jurist Legal News Research (2011) Jaclyn Belczyk, Daniel Richey Retrieved from http//jurist.org Testimony of Arthur Levitt Concerning annexation for Fiscal Year 1999 March 19, 1998 Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary of the Senate Committee Appropriations. Retrieved from http//www.sec.gov/news/speech/speecharchive/1998/spch221.htm Understanding Business Nickels, McHugh, McHugh pg. 101United States Attorney Southern District of New York (2011), U.S. ATTORNEYS OFFICE ELLEN DAVIS, CARLY SULLIVAN,JERIKA RICHARDSON,EDELI RIVERAPUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE Retrieved from http//www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/May11/rajaratnamrajverdictpr.pd

Application of Non-ionising Radiation Based Enzyme

Application of Non-ionising Radiation Based EnzymeAPPLICATION OF NON-IONISING RADIATION BASED ENZYME inactivation OF BITTER GOURD (Mordica charania L.) A COMPARATIVE STUDYNalawade S. A, Akanksha, H.Umesh HebbarIntroductionAlthough many processing technologies could be employ to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, the commonly used ones in current food industry are blanching and dehydration. Blanching is a pre-processing operation carried out in front wrying of fruits and vegetables. The main purpose of blanching is to inactivate enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenoloxidases and phenolase which suffice many adverse changes of a product (Fel menials, 1990 Hiranvarachat, Devahastin, Chiewchan, 2011 Vishwanathan, Giwari, Hebbar, 2013). Conventional blanching involves processing with hot water supply, steamand corrosive. The conventional blanching has many d bare-assbacks such as loss of water dis water-soluble nutrients (Lavelli, Zanoni, Zaniboni, 2007), quality ad admixture (Gornicki Kaleta, 2007) and environmental problems (Bomben, 1977). venomous gourd is known for its medicinal properties and has been used in various Asian and African herbal medicine systems from a long while Grover and Yadav (2004), Beloin et al., (2005), Ananya Paul and Sarmistha Sen Raychaudhuri (2010). It has antidiabetic, antitumorous, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and cholesterol lowering capacity Ahmed et al., (2001), Grover and Yadav (2004) and Taylor (2002).The compound responsible for anti-diabetic property in bitter gourd is Charantin, a hypoglycemic compound which is a mixture of two compounds (11) sitosteryl glucoside (C35H60O6) and stigmasteryl glucoside (C35H58O6) that has been isolated from the seeds, leaves and fruit of Momordica charantia (Raman and Lau, 1996). Storage of raw bitter gourd is difficult because of presence of some enzymes which deteriorate the product quality. Hence, Blanching is carried out before drying operation. Prima ry purpose of blanching is to inactivate enzymes such as Peroxidase ( seedpod), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) allowing stabilization and moimize the degradation of other quality attributes (Canet, 1989). Peroxide (POD) is considered as enzymatic indicator for blanching (Gunes and Bayindirli, 1993, Sheu and Chen, 1991 and Zhu and Pan, 2009) which is one of the most kindle resistant enzymes, therefore when POD is inactivated most of other enzymes present might not survive (Halpin Lee, 1987). 90% reduction in POD activity was considered as the end point, since persistence of 3-10% is considered sufficient for drying purpose (Gunes and Bayindirli, 1993). Conventional blanching method includes processing the sample with hot water and steam. The advantages of electromagnetic radiation (MW and IR) employ blanching over conventional blanching methods (water or steam) are rapid inactivation of enzyme complexes that cause quality degradation and minute of arcimal/no leaching of vitamins, flavo r, pigments, carbohydrates and other water soluble components (De Ancos et al. 1999).These methods have drawbacks such as quality deterioration (Gornicki Kaleta, 2007) and loss of water soluble nutrients (Lavelli, Zanoni, Zaniboni, 2007). The application of microwave radiation for blanching or enzyme inactivation (Ramaswamy and Fakhouri, 1998 Ponne, Baysal, Yuksel, 1994 Begum and Brewer, 2001 Brewer and Begum, 2003 Roberts et al., 2004 Lin and Brewer, 2005 Zhu Pan, 2009 Lin and Ramaswamy, 2011 G.C. Jeevitha et.al ,2013 Vishwanathan et al., 2013 ) video display its effectiveness and suitability. From the results of Ramaswamy and Fakhouri (1998), Ramesh et al. (2002), G.C. Jeevitha et.al ,2013 and Bengang Wu et al.,2014 it is possible to observe that vegetable thread blanched with microwave and infrared radiation retained better nutritional value. G.C. Jeevitha et.al,2013 reported better memory of water-soluble nutrients during dry blanching of red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) slices using infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) radiations and its performance compared with conventional methods. There are a few reports on MW blanching (Chung et al. 1981 Ramesh et al. 2002 Brewer and Begum 2003) and IR blanching (Ponne et al. 1994) indicating their benefits in terms of nutrient retention over steam or water blanching. The objectives of present study were to evaluate kinetics of Bitter gourd peroxidase (POD) polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inactivation and determine adequacy of both conventional (water and steam) and Dry blanching (IR and MW) to evaluate effect on product quality in terms of moisture, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and charantin.Materials and MethodsBitter gourd dark green (moisture content 92 1.2%w.b) were purchased from a local market. All the fruits were swear out with running water under tap to get hold of adhering dust and reduce the surface micro-flora and stored at 4 1C until further use. The bitter gourd fruits were procured from a single sou rce and almost the analogous degree of maturity was maintained in order to minimize variation in raw material quality.Sample preparationBitter gourd fruits were washed thoroughly with tap water and sliced using Robot coupe slicer of dimension 5 mm. seeds were removed manually and used for the study.Blanching SystemsWater Blanching Bitter gourd slices (100 g) were immersed in hot water (13) maintained at 90 2C for 2 min. The blanched samples were immediately cooled to room temperature (25C) by dipping in water for 5 min. Surface excess moisture of slices was removed using filter paper and subjected for analysis.Steam BlanchingBitter gourd slices (30 g) were subjected to steam blanching by exposing the slices to steam in an sterilize (100C and 1atm) for 3 min. The steam blanched Bitter gourd slices were immediately cooled to room temperature by dipping in water for 5 min. Samples was subjected for analysis by and by removing the surface moisture.IR Blanching.About 100 g of bitter gourd slices spread uniformly on the stainless steel (AISI 304) conveyor of IR heater developed (Hebbar and Ramesh 2006) at the authors institute and exposed to IR radiation at a chamber air temperature 200C for 8 min. The IR heater, fitted with near IR heat sources (1.1 THz 0.26 kW/m2) on top and bottom sides of the wire mesh conveyor, was used for the study. IR heat was applied intermittently to control blanching temperature. The chamber was preheated to the postulate temperature before blanching. The blanched slices were cooled rapidly to room temperature by blowing air.MW BlanchingMW blanching was carried out in a domestic microwave oven (BPL, 2,450 MHz) at an intensity of 5.57, 7.36 and 8.8 W/g. For all the runs, the moorage of the bitter gourd slices were maintained the same on the turntable to minimize variation.Crude extract preparationSlices were homogenized with 0.1 M sodium phosphate cushion of pH 7 in the ratio of 13. Homogenate was filtered through muslin cloth and c entrifuged at 5,100 g for 20 min at 4 C. Supernatant was roll up and used for the assay.Enzyme analysis.POD AssayThe substrate solution was composed of 1.0 mL of phosphate buffer of pH 6, 1.0 mL of 15 mM guaiacol and 1 mL of 3 mM H2O2. To the substrate solution, 50 L of enzymatic extract were added and the increase in OD was recorded at 470 nm for 5 min using ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrophotometer (UV- 160A, Shimadzu, Japan). Enzyme activity was determined from the slope of the linear portion of the graph relating absorbance with succession and expressed as Abs470/min.g sample (Fujita et al. 1997).PPO AssayA spectrophotometric assay at 411 nm using 0.1 M catechol as substrate was used to quantify PPO activity (Weemaes et al. 1997).Moisture contentMoisture content of raw and blanched bitter gourd was examine using the AOAC method. Values reported are the average of triplicate determinationsEstimation of Ascorbic acidThe ascorbic acid was determined by 2,6-dichlorophenol- indop henol visual titration methods,(Ranganna 1986) given as followsStandardization of dyeAscorbic acid (100 mg of l-ascorbic acid) was dissolved in 3% HPO3 and volume make up to 100mL. Further, 10 ml of this solution was diluted to 100mL with HPO3. From this, 5mL was transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks containing 5mL of metaphosphoric acid (3%). A burette was filled with the dye, prepared from dissolution of 50 mg of the sodium salt of 2, 6-dichlorophenol in hot distilled water (150 mL) containing 42 mg of NaHCO3, which was made up to 200mL with distilled water. Then, the ascorbic acid solution was titrated against the standard indophenol solution to a rose pink color, which persisted for around 15 s. The dye promoter was determined as milligram of ascorbic acid per milliliter of the dye, using the formulaSample preparation and assay, the sample (10 g) was macerated with metaphosphoric acid (3%) in a pestle and mortar, filtered, and made up to 100 ml. The filtrate (5 mL) was taken and ti trated against the standard dye to a pink end point, which persisted for at least 15 s. The vitamin C content was figure asPercentage retention of ascorbic acid was mensural by,WhereA= amount of ascorbic acid present after processingA0= amount of ascorbic acid present in fresh bitter gourdBoth values taken dry basisEstimation of ChlorophyllEstimation of chlorophyll was carried out according to the outgrowth of Ranganna.25 bitter gourd slices (1 g) were macerated with 80% acetone in a pestle and mortar. The supernatant layer was decanted and the origin was repeated until the residue was colorless. Then the extracts were pooled, filtered, and made up to 100mL in a volumetric flask. The absorbance measured at 645nm and 663nm using spectrophotometer (Schemadzu UV-1800)The amount of chlorophyll present in the extract mg chlorophyll per g tissue was calculated using the following equationWhere,A=absorbance at specific wavelengthV= final volume of chlorophyll extracted in 80% acetoneW= weight of tissue extractedThe results were expressed as % on dry basis.Percentage retention of ascorbic acid was calculated by,WhereA= amount of chlorophyll present after processingA0= amount of chlorophyll present in fresh bitter gourdBoth values taken dry basisEstimation of CharantinSoxhlet extractionAbout 1.0 g of bitter melon fruit powder was extracted with 200 ml of ethanol for 150 min. Charantin remained in the sample residue was extracted repeatedly in 30 ml volumes of methanol using ultrasonication. The extract was filtered and evaporated to obtain viscous in the buff extract and purified prior to the analysis with HPLC.Sample purificationTo purify the crude extract, the protocol as described in Chanchai (2002) was carried out. Briefly, 5 ml of 5050 (v/v) methanolwater was added to the crude extract. The mixture was accordingly sonicated for 15 min and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 min to separate the supernatant from the precipitate. The precipitate was then added with 5 ml of 7030 (v/v) methanolwater, and the mixture was again sonicated and centrifuged. The precipitate from this step was added with 3 ml of hexane, and the step was repeated. The precipitate from this step was re-dissolved in 200 l of 11 (v/v) chloroformmethanol mixture, and then adjusted to volume with methanol to 2 ml volume for that obtained with Soxhlet extraction. The purified solution was filtered through a 0.45m nylon membrane filter (Millipore, USA) before being analyzed by an HPLC.AnalysisHPLC analysis was carried out for the quantification of Charantin present in the sample with C-18 Ascentis column (5m particle, 4.6 mm 250mm ID). The mobile phase used was 1002 (v/v) methanol-water and flow rate was maintained at 1mL/min. The UV detector was set at the wavelength of 204nm and the sample injection volume was 20L.Percentage retention of charantin was calculated by,WhereA= amount of charantin present after processingA0= amount of charantin present in fresh bitter gourdBoth v alues taken dry basisKinetics of enzyme inactivationThe reaction rate constant was determined using first order equationWhere A is the peroxidase or polyphenol oxidase activity at time t A0 is the initial enzyme activity t is the blanching time (s) k is the reaction rate constant (s-1) at given temperature.Decimal reduction time (D) of enzyme is the time required for one log10 reduction in activity of the enzyme (Cigdem and Zerrin 2005), was determined using the following equationRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONEnzyme InactivationThe activity of POD and PPO in fresh samples were found POD 4103 U/g and PPO- 322 U/g (fresh weight), respectively. The blanching was continued till the POD activity was reduced to 10% of the initial activity. The slices were blanched in water maintained at 95C (fig. a) and exposed to steam (fig. b) for different time intervals (15 to 180 sec). The time taken for water and steam blanching was 120 and 180 sec, respectively. The inactivation of PPO was also significan t during this period. The bitter gourd slices were blanched using IR radiation at 200C chamber temperature for different time intervals. The time required for blanching was 8 min (fig. c). PPO inactivation trend was similar to that of POD, with marginally quicker inactivation.The initial content of ascorbic acid was 666.7 2.3 mg ascorbic acid/100 g dry weight .Ascorbic acid is considered as a relevant nutritional quality index of food during blanching and drying because of its low stability during thermal treatments and its water solubility. Ascorbic acid is significantly lost (20 70%) during water and steam blanching and one of the advantages of dry blanching is the higher retention of this water soluble micronutrient. IR blanching at 200C retained higher ascorbic acid ( 93%) compared with other two conditions.(table.1) The results showed that that the durationtemperature combination decided the retention of ascorbic acid, quite than temperature or duration alone. IR blanching rem oved nearly 10% moisture, which could be a favorable factor, if drying is the subsequent step.AcknowledgementThe Author would like to thank UGC for the grant of Junior Research Fellowship (RGNF). Authors wish to thanks Director, CFTRI for extending infrastructure other facilities for carrying out this work.

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaAbstract crabmeat has always been a difficult problem to be solved by humans, of which leukemia is one of them. With the development of gene re crew technology and our in-depth understanding of brush offcer, chimeral antigen receptor T carrels (CAR-T) brush off be carried out in clinical trials. Recently, CAR-T has made new progress in the treatment of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CAR-T cells are T-cell receptor gene and anti-CD19 antidead body gene binding, transfection to T cells, in vitro amplification after transfer to patients for the treatment of leukemia new immunotherapy. The surface of the modified CAR-T cells has a specific binding site, which fuel recognize the CD19 antigen on the surface of B cells in lymphoblastic leukemia. CD19 antigen puke stimulate the continuous activating and proliferation of CAR-T, CAR-T in the patients body can be multiplied hundreds of cartridge holders, efficaciou sly killing acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.Keywords car-t cell therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia1. CAR-T principleWith the development of gene recombination technology, the specific antibody can be stably show on the surface of T cells, so that it has a specific antigen epitope. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is carried out on the basis of a cellular immunotherapy. The chimeric anti-gen receptor (CARs) is an antigen-recognition domain composed of a specific antibody in the extracellular domain and an antigen-chimeric protein composed of the intracellular CDC3- chain or FcI protein colligate to the transmembrane domain1. After the CARs are recognized and stimulated by specific antigens, they can provide activation signals for T cells and conduct the signals through with(predicate) the intracellular domain, which results in the activation of cells, which are CARs dependent cell activation and cytotoxicity, and cytokines Release 2. In order to incr ease the cytotoxicity of CARs, the proliferation of signal transduction was achieved by constructing co-stimulatory molecules connected to the extracellular CD3C in the intracellular domain, resulting in a multiplication of the cell killing effect, which prominently enhanced the CARs Cell killing effect 3. Generation of CARs intracellular contains only one activation domain, so its specificity in the identification of tumor cell-associated antigens after killing effect is very limited 4. Second-generation CARs contain an activation domain and a co-stimulatory domain, such as CD28 or 4-1BB 5-6. The three-generation CARs are composed of the activation domain and quadruplex co-stimulatory domains, such as CD27, CD28, 4-1BB and OX40. The increase of these domains not only increases the ability of CAR-T cells to specifically recognize TAA and binding , more than able to significantly extend the extracellular area of the cell signal transmission, causing lower levels of cell killing ca scade 7. With the improvement of structural excogitation of CARs and the improvement of tumor targeting and killing, the lookers guard constructed legion(predicate) other intracellular co-stimulatory molecular structures, including CD134, Lck, ICOS and DAP10 8. In addition, CD19-derived CAR-T cells were further engineered by interrogationers at the Duke University Center for Immunology to autocrine IL-12, which whitethorn or may not be take ind in specific syngeneic tumor models Pretreatment chemotherapy, if further extended to clinical patients can be in the lower side effect to obtain better efficacy 9. Therefore, the continuous innovation of CARs related technologies is not only the structural optimization, but also the construction of more costimulatory molecules in function. The capacity and function of CAR-T cells will be further improved.2. Obtain specific CAR-T cellsCD19 is a potential target for B-cell neoplasms and can be expressed in normal B cells, follicular den dritic cells, malignant B cells, and precursor B cells in addition to hematopoietic stem cells 10. Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia is usually tended to(p) by CD19 expression, but in other lymphoid system tumor expression is not the same. Jena and others through genetic modification technology for the first time apply to chronic viral vector, the CD19 + specific chimeric antigen receptorand expression of B cells, transfected into the patients T cells, the transformation of T cells called CD19-specific CAR -T cells 11. These T cells in vitro after a large number of amplification, re-enter the acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients play a role in the body. CD19-specific CAR-T cells are able to recognize leukemia specific CD19 targets and hammock B-cells from CD19 cells by releasing a variety of cytokines, thereby promoting the clearance of malignant tumor cells. The results show that, after retroviral gene transfection of T cells, in clinical applications is respect able and effective 12. CD19-specific CAR-T cells have been shown to be effective in attacking CD19 + tumor cell lines and in vivo B-cell tumors in animals 13. In immunodeficient mice, CD19 + T cells can be effectively removed by the addition of CD19 + T cells 14.3. CAR-T cells in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemiaChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing, inert B-cell leukemia, usually occurring in adults, and many patients can have no symptoms for several years, compared with other types of leukemia. Currently CLL has no specific treatment options, no obvious symptoms of CLL advocates observation and wait, mainly symptomatic treatment, drug therapy is difficult to achieve long-run remission and clinical cure. Genetically modified CAR-T cells have a significant therapeutic effect on B-cell malignancies. The New England journal plowed in June that the June Task Force 15 successfully treated 3 patients with CLL with CAR-T cells for the first time, 2 of whom we re still in complete remission after 2 years of follow-up. They subsequently found that 16, the infusion of CAR-T cells in patients with peripheral alliance and bone marrow in a large number of survival, proliferation in the body more than 1000 times, effective removal of CLL cells function can be maintained for more than 6 months. Not only that, some CAR-T cells are purge in the form of memory cells that produce a rapid response when re-exposed to CLL cells. The mechanisms by which CAR-T cells proliferate and survive in vivo are unclear, probably due to the activation or release of cytokines by normal B cells and CD19-expressing leukemic cells in the internal environment. The cytokines such as IFN-r, CXCL9, IL-6 and alcohol-soluble IL-2 receptor increased significantly after CAR-T cells entered the body, gain a peak on the 23rd daylight after transfusion. Elevated cytokines in bone marrow were consistent with reduced levels of leukemic cells, but TNF levels in peripheral phon e line and bone marrow did not vary significantly. The number of CAR-T cells in vivo was detected by RT-PCR, and the ratio of cells increased 1000-fold on the 21st day after transfection, accounting for more than 20% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. The number of CAR-T cells was consistent with the time of oncolytic syndrome and elevated levels of cytokines. The doubling time of CAR-T cells in peripheral blood was about 1.2 days and the half-life was 31 days. It is noteworthy that cytotoxic side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and macrophage activation syndrome may occur after treatment with CAR-T cell immunotherapy. These symptoms and children hemophagocytic syndrome, lymphoproliferative disease occurs in similar cytokine storm 17. Cytokine storm is due to CAR-T cells kill B cells ca employ by tumor cell lysis, characterized by inflammation, long-term fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cell reduction. At this point the laboratory examination of patients with ferritin, triglyc eride, transaminase, bilirubin, soluble IL-2 receptor a chain were increased and fibrinogen reduction 18. CAR-T cells after the input, the patients peripheral blood and bone marrow loss of B cells and hypogammaglobulinaemia up to 6 months or more, but patients do not necessarily have recurrent infection. If the clinical symptoms require symptomatic treatment, the number of CAR-T cells in the patients body or the anti-tumor effect will not be significantly affected. In the past, patients treated with rituximab, after a fewer months of treatment, B cells can gradually pick up. Whether this phenomenon will occur in patients with CAR-T cell immunotherapy is still unclear. Because CAR-T cells can proliferate extensively and produce cytotoxicity in vivo, CAR-T cell-specific detective work is needed in the course of clinical treatment 19, and timely prevention of adverse reactions occurs.4. Adverse reactions and treatmentAlthough CAR-T cell therapy has achieved surprising clinical results , but have to admit that there are still many cell treatment process risk, adverse reactions after treatment for the treatment of a great test. Because CAR-T can proliferate in vivo and produce severe cytotoxic effects on target cells, the most common and near is cytokine release syndrome (CRS) 20. In the current report of CAR-T cells in the treatment of blood cancer cases, almost all appeared in different severity of the CRS response. CRS is mainly due to the large number of cells after activation, including travel IL-6, ferritin, INF, IL-2, granulocyte colony stimulating factor IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, including rapid increase in cytokines Caused by fever without cause of infection, persistent hypotension, and even reports of neurological toxicity such as seizures 21-22. CRS was observed in 48 of the 51 patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells (94%) and serum ferritin levels were greater than 1000 mg / dl in all patients with severe CRS 4-5 C The birth between the increase of CRP and the course of disease was similar to that of ferritin, but serum C reactive protein and ferritin level did not have significant effect on the prediction of CRS progression. Further, they used 10 healthy volunteers as baseline and found that severe CRS responses within 1 month after CAR-T cell therapy were associated with 24 cytokines including IFN, IL-6, SGP-130, and SIL6R blood serum levels of the peak correlation 23. Patients with severe CRS response to the survival of patients posed a huge risk, patients with severe hypotension or shock, respiratory distress syndrome, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney dysfunction, it must actively deal with the situation. In addition to the use of vasoactive drugs, tracheotomy and enhanced supportive therapy, the application of IL-6 receptor inhibitor tincture of monoclonal antibody is necessary by inhibiting IL-6 binding to cells and soluble IL-6 And block its classic and bypass IL-6 signal pathway, so after receiving the monoclonal anti body treatment, many patients quickly achieved a good clinical response 24. CRS can be divided into 5 levels, different levels of recommended CRS treatment is different, it is generally recommended priority early adequate use of trastuzumab to prevent severe CRS response, but because IL-6 mAb is not easy through the blood-brain barrier, 3 to 4 neurotoxic patients, may be preferred to use glucocorticoids to prevent severe CRS. Therefore, IL-6 monoclonal antibody can be relatively early application, can be controlled for CRS and does not affect the efficacy of CAR-T5. Summary and outlookNowadays, the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy, especially the treatment of CD19 CAR-T in hematologic tumors, has made great achievements and the application potential of adoptive immunotherapy as the main representative of CAR-T cell immunotherapy Is very broad. Not only in the blood disease, but also in solid tumors and many benign or chronic diseases, it also has a lot of potential applica tions. With the development of gene recombination technology and antigen protein construction technology, more CAR-T has been applied to precise targeted therapy. In addition, epitopes expressed on the surface of different blood tumor cells, such as CD20, CD22, CD34, etc. may also be used as future treatment of other refractory blood diseases targeted to disease treatment to bring a new direction. One of the patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells for MLL rearrangement of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed that devil patients developed AML after one month of treatment, which may be related to the CD19-negative cellular immune escape Of a mechanism-related 25. Therefore, the application of CAR-T in combination with multiple epitopes and the sustained killing effect of CAR-T cells in vivo may bring new hope to these cases. There have also been advances in the use of checkpoint inhibitors in combination with CAR-T in the treatment of animals such as AML 26. However, CA R-T therapy is still a significant clinical risk of adverse treatment, therefore, CAR-T therapy to avoid the safety and toxicity is also a clinical problem to be solved. At present, CAR-T cell therapy for specific antigenic epitopes is combined with nonspecific traditional therapy for tumor cells. It is also a safe and mediocre regimen for the treatment of these diseases, not only killing the tumor cells completely, reducing immune escape and ineffective CAR-T cell immunotherapy, in turn, reduces the dose of non-targeted therapies such as prior chemotherapy and the consequent toxic reactions. Therefore, in the process of discovering new target antigens and constructing precise immunotherapy, The combination of non-targeted drugs and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also the research direction of CAR-T cell therapy for a long time. Thus, CAR-T cell therapy has provided new hope for refractory hematologic malignancies, and although there is a pleasing therapeutic effect, mo re research and further clinical trials are needed, Multi-angle, combined with previous and recent targeted therapy experience, will give CAR-T cell therapy to bring a broader application prospect and exciting clinical efficacy.References1 Deniger DC, Switzer K, Mi T, et al.Bispecific T-cells expressing polyclonal repertoire of endogenous gammadelta T-cell receptors and introduced CD19-specific anti receptorJ.Molecular therapythe journal of the AMerican society of gene therapy, 2013, 21(3)638-647.2 Jena B, Dotti G, Cooper LJ.Redirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptorJ.Blood, 2010, 116(7)1035-1044.3 Wang J, Jensen M, Lin Y, et al.Optimizing adoptive polyclonal T cell immunotherapy of lymphomas, using a chimeric T cell receptor possessing CD28 and CD137 costimulatory domainsJ.Human gene therapy, 2007, 18(8)712-725.4 Jensen MC, Popplewell L, Cooper LJ, et al.Antitransgene rejection reponses contribute to attenuated persistence of adoptively transferred CD20/CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells in humansJ.Biology of blood and marrow transplantationjournal of the American society for blood and Marrow transplantation, 2010, 16(9)1245-1256.5 Kowolik CK, Topp MS, Gonzalez S, et al.CD28 Costimulation provided through a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor enhances in vivo persistence and anticancer efficacy of aoptively tyansferred T cellJ.Cancer research, 2006, 662210995-11004.6 Sanchez-paulete AR, Labiano S, Rodriguez-ruiz ME, et al.Deciphering CD137(4-1BB) star sign in T cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapyJ.European journal of immunology, 2016, 46(3)513-522.7 Pule MA, Straathof KC, Dotti G, et al.A chimeric T cell antigen receptor that augments cytokine release and supports clonal expansion of Primary human T cellJ.Molecular therapythe journal of the American society of gene therapy, 2005, 12(5)933-941.8 Zhao Y, Wang QJ, Yang S, et al.A herceptin-based chimer ic antigen rcetor with modified signaling domains leads to enhanced survival of transduced T lymphocytes and antitumor activityJ.Journal of immunology, 2009, 183(9)5563-5574.9 Pegram HJ, Lee JC, Hayman EG, et al.Tumor-targeted T cells modified to secrete IL-12 cradicate systemic tumors without need for prior conditioningJ.Blood, 2012, 119(18)4133-4141.10 Morgan RA, Yang JC, Kitano M, et al. Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing EBB2. Mol Ther, 2010 18 ( 4) 843-85111 Jena B, Dotti G, Cooper L. edirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Blood, 2010 116 ( 7) 1035-104412 Scholler J, Brady TL, Binder-scholl G, et al. Decade-long safety and function of retroviral-modified chimeric antigen receptor T cells Sci Transl Med2012 4( 132) 132ra5313 Brentjens RJ, Latouche JB, Santos E, et al.Eradication of systemic B-cell tumors by genetically targeted human T lymphocytes co-stimulated by CD80 and interleukin-15.Nat Med, 2003 9( 3) 279-286.14 Brentjens J, Santos E, Nikhamin Y, et al. Genetically targeted T cells eradicate systemic acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts.Clin Cancer es, 2007 13( 18) 5426-5435.15 Porter DL, Levine BL, Kalos M, et al.Chimeric antigen receptormodified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia.N Engl J Med, 2011 365( 8) 725-3316 Kalos M, Levine BL, Porter, DL, et al. T cells with chimeric antigen receptors have potent antitumor effects and can establish memory in patients with advanced leukemia.Sci Transl Med, 2011 3( 95)95 ra73.18 Janka G.Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.Annu rev Med, 2012 63( 1) 233-24619 Kohn DB, Dotti G, Brentjens R, et al. CARs on track in the clinic.Mol Ther, 2011 19( 3) 432-43820 Maude SL , Barrett D, Teachey DT, et al. Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated With Novel T Cell-Engaging TherapiesJ.Cancer journal(Sudbury, Mass), 2014, 20(2)119-122.21 Grupp SA, kalos M, Barrett D, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemiaJ.The New England journal of medicine, 2013, 368(16)1509-1518.22 Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Feldman SA, et al. B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptor-transduced T cellsJBlood, 2012, 119(12)2709-2720.23 Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndromeJBlood, 2014, 124(2)188-19524 Teachey DT, Rheingold SR, Maude SL, et al.Cytokine release syndrome after blinatumomab treatment related to abnormal macrophage activation and ameliorated with cytokine-directed therapyJ.Blood, 2013, 12(26)5154-515725 Gardner R, Wu D, Cherian S, et al.Acquisition of a CD19-neg-ative myeloid phenotype allows immune escape of MLL-rear-ranged B-ALL from CD19 CAR-T-cell the rapyJ.Blood, 2016, 127(20)2406-2410.26 Saad S Kenderian MR, OL g a Shestova, Michael Klichishky, et al.Idntification of PD1 and TIM3As Checkpoints that Limit Chimeric Anti gen Receptor T Cell Efficacy in LeukemiajBood, 2015, 126(23)852-852

Human Growth And Life Span Development Sociology Essay

Human Growth And Life Span teaching Sociology EssayThere ar 8 characteristics in the breeding-span training (John Santrock, 2009). Development is a carriagelong cognitive operation, whereby doneout the whole process we will go through antithetical phases which will impart us to be exposed to distinguishable challenges in life. For ensample, a baby who is learning how to walk will need a lot of physical guidances within this finis of elementary learning phase. A teenager in his/her adolescence phase disposes to seek for to a greater extent family love, as it is a transit stage between creation a child and an adult in which he/she will demand to handle both physical and emotional issues (eg. Puberty). A working adult who enters the working clubhouse will tend to juggle both financial and marriage issues. An elderly who is not as feeble as how he/she used to be, will tend to be more concerned with health issues. So at different stages of our life, we beat to handle d ifferent types of various issues throughout.Development depends on history and context. each(prenominal) and e truly individual is exposed to different physical and social environment that is why each of us is different and unequaled in our get way. It is somewhat impossible to have two individuals going through a kindred series of events at the same time and having the the same pace within that tip of time. For example, two friends of mine who argon twins, whom may have been brought up under the same conditions given at the point of time, have grown up and picked up different likings, rice beers etc as time goes by.Development is multidimensional, in which several factors like biological, cognitive and socioemotional are involved and they affect us in many ways. inside these factors involved, each of them has their own different aspects. It is like a multi-factorial process, in which overlapping of concepts is involved. Take for an example, Timothy, a bambino who loves to e at banana, started to stop eating bananas after a choking incident. Even having tried several attempts to get him to eat bananas again, none work out. And ever since then, he is very particular with what he eats and moreover consumes food that he feels safe to eat. It is somewhat as though this choking incident has affected him psychologically, which affects his eating habits and how his body responses to different food.Development is multidirectional, in which true dimensions or aspects in life which used to be of a definite great concern to us may gradually be of a slight concern as time goes by. For example, teenagers in their adolescence phase will be under extreme peer pressures and will tend to do what their peers do, so as not to be seen as macrocosm out-casted if he/she conciliated not to join in a sealed event. They will eventually spend more time with their friends, instead of spending more time at home with their family, whom he/she used to spend time with before r eaching the puberty stage.Development is p digestic or pli open, which refers to the tendency to change or readiness for a change in life. The elderly may have this issue of not organism able to comprehend real complicated concepts eg. Using of computer software. They may be able to do basic computering tasks after going through trusted upgrading or training, however the capacity for such changes is somewhat limited.Development is multidisciplinary, in which different groups of professional experts are all sharing a common interest in this area of life-span development. And when analyzing a situation, it is necessary to consider many different dimensions which are related or might have contributed to such problem in life. Take for instance, Thomas who has a drinking jibeiction could it be simply just because of peer pressure from family and friends or he did it out of curiosity and confidential information it to a habititual act?Development is contextual, and it is one critical factor that affects life-span development as a whole. We respond to different changes in life and it is considered as an on-going process throughout the life-span development. There are three types of contextual influences, and they are normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences and non-normative life events. In normative age-graded influences, we slang comparisons determine issues and sourcing solutions within the same age group, who has a higher likelihood of going through a particular same event eg. Puberty, menopause or retirement. In normative history-graded influences, we make comparisons determine issues and sourcing solutions with the same group of people from the same generation based on past history experiences eg. World War II, SARS period. In non-normative life events, it is more likely to address the issue based on individuals needs, as such events may not happen for everyone but they do affect the individuals life in many different ways eg. D eath of loved ones, suicidal cases.Development involves growth, maintenance, and regulation. At different stages in life, we have different goals to address. For example, a toddler has a lot to learn at the initial stage which what we called growth eg. Learning to eat, toilet-trained, and as a toddler grows up and reaches adulthood, issues like maintaining and regulating of his/her own development aspects is of a major one eg. Prevention against cancer, knowledge upgrading to facilitate understanding of a concept.Theme 2Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes (25 marks)There are three developmental processes and periods in the life-span development, and they are biological processes, cognitive processes and socioemotional processes (John Santrock, 2009). Each of us will go through these three processes (they are interlink to one another), in which allow us to be different from the others distinctively.Biological processes refer to the scientific process whereby an indivi dual develops from a baby to a full-grown adult, starting from the or so fundamental, genetically stage in which makes us all different since birth to the most complicated stage of hormonal changes, and lastly reaching the final stage of ageing. We have to understand the biological changes for every stage, as intumesce as understanding how it can affect an individual both emotionally and physically. Take for an example, a teenager who is going through puberty might have a tendency to be temperamental which may be due to a series of hormonal changes in the body. Adults in the middle adulthood (35-45 to 60s) will undergo a stage called menopause, which may lead to depression if it is not diagnosed early. For both cases, getting supports from family and friends plays a very crucial role.Cognitive processes refer to how an individual thinks, acts and processes information at different stages in life. Almost everything that we do everyday requires us to think and react accordingly. Ho w we response to an event affects us in many ways, both negatively and positively. Take for an example a teenager may not be able to see the importance of studying hard at that point of time, but gradually realized that in order for him/her to enter the working society, a certain qualification or relevant background is required.Socioemotional processes refer to how an individual feels towards the people around him/her, and how well he/she can cope with his emotions. Most of us decide and do a certain thing based on intuition and feelings. However sometimes, we tend to overlook certain issues and make mistakes which may affect us inevitably. Take for an example, a married couple who used to believe that they were once in love and are meant to be together, decided to end their vows and go on separate ways. Family issues like this not only affect the husband and wife involved, but also affect their children and their other loved ones.It is important to understand the different life sta ges and processes involved, and also finding out the various roles that each and every client is playing, in order to understand their problems better.Theme 3Developmental issues (nature vs. nutrify stability vs change continuity vs discontinuity) (25 marks)Personally, I am a strong believer that the stage of nurturing plays a very critical role, and how much to an extent, an individual is world nurtured determines his/her entire attitude towards life.The environment around us and the biologically aspects in us do play a part on how we react to certain issues. But having no personal experiences and proper nurturing system, it is hard to overcome many major issues in life.For instance, a child who comes from a rich family background may not be born to be intelligent. Parents who are able to send their kids for adequate enrichment courses may be one way in which parents can dish out their kids to cope with their studies. The children that I work with are mainly autistic children, t hey are very good examples as to why I personally feel nurturing plays a bigger role than nature itself. Most of the children come from well to do families, and their parents believe that it is not an ending phase for their children even though they are diagnosed with a learning disability.Humans are always constantly on the go, and they are forced to meet up with various demands in life, and thus having changes is somewhat inevitable. I also believe that most of us have the tendency to change to a different person, given the fact that we are constantly looking for promoter to become a better person, or at least become someone he/she feels the most comfortable to be.A very good example would be myself. Before I entered the working society, I used to be a very isolated person. I have interaction issues with people, and I had very low self-esteem. After the first year of working, I gained a lot of experiences at work, and it somewhat boosted my confidence level which allows me to see what I can really be doing and contributing to the company. Even till today, I still have doubts in myself when dealing various issues eg. Dealing with parents etc. I still have a lot to change to become a better individual in the time to come by.Since I am a supporter of nurturing, I am also a believer in continuity. I personally feel that it takes time for most of us to be able to accept certain concepts in life, as well as, getting used to the changes that will be on going throughout the life-span. Gradual changes is an inevitable phase that all of us will have to go through. Even if it is a major, sudden change that occurred, and which in return affects someone involved, it still requires a period of time for him/her to constitute slowly to an altered situation.An ex-student of mine from a Primary School Student Care Centre, who used to stay in Girls Home, was always constantly giving the schooltime teachers and the student care teachers many disciplinary problems. It took h er almost a year (from the day she was released from the Girls Home) to realize that she has to stop all those rebellious acts and that she has to place her focus in her studies (as she will be taking her PSLE in the following year).On contrary, nature and nurture stability and change continuity and discontinuity, do work hand in hand in some cases.However, to a great extent, I still believe that nurturing, changes and continuity are factors as to why a person is unique in their own way, as it is a way to identify themselves from the others as they grow up and enter different phases in life.Theme 4 hypothetic approach (ie., Theory of Development) that appeals the most to you in crafting your very own life-span development perspective(25 marks)I personally feels that all the various life-span theories mentioned in John Santrock, 2009, add up in all to explain the human development, as each and every of the theories are based on a point of view and they are mainly focused on just one or two areas in general.The most appealing theoretical approach that summed up my own life-span development would be the Eriksons Psychosocial Theory.Ericksons Theory is based on how humans behave psychologically towards a social aspect eg. Interacting with the others throughout the entire human life span. It is a more completed and detailed scheme as different stages of human development are elaborated in some forms of psychosocial linkage. It is also a theory that leads us to understand how a person finds his or her identity amongst the rest.The eight stages of Ericksons Theory are as statedTrust vs. mistrust (1st year of life)My mom is a babysitter and observing how a baby stop crying when his parents or my mum carried him, shows how a baby is able start distinguish the different people around him. He will also giggle whenever my family members or his parents play with him.Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 years old)The most basic tasks that he has to be trained are mainly being able to tell my mother whenever he wants to pass motion or urinates, as well as having to get him to eat on his own from his bowl with a spoon.Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 5 years old)Introducing of a rewarding system is being used at this stage, as a way to encourage him to get him to take the succeeding(a) step to learn more and do more on his or her own initiatives.Industry vs. inferiority (6 years to puberty)My cousin who used to be under my mothers care when he was around 7 years old, was being enrolled to take up piano classes and he was doing quite well in that area. He used to be a shy boy and interacting with other peers at the kindergarten was always an issue. He completed the piano course and obtained grade 8 for piano, and ever since then, he will perform for the family during gatherings.Identity vs. identity confusion (10 to 20 years)My cousin (as mentioned above) did not continue in the area of arts, in which he excels rather well in. He was in a dilemma deciding which diploma course to take up, and having to make a major swop in interests was a tough and confusing phase for him. He was not sure what identity he would want to be seen as at that point of time.Intimacy vs. isolation (20s, 30s)Marriage is the key word for this phase. This is a phase whereby most of my friends are attached, and break free from being single to being in a relationship. Those who are still singles are mostly still searching for their restore identity and sense of belongings. I have met a lot of single parents at my previous work place (Student Care Centre), and most of them feel that seek isolation or singlehood is still a better option for them.Generativity vs. stagnation (40s, 50s)This is another stage of life, whereby families will be completed with children. Imparting of knowledge and beliefs to the next generation is the next phase, in order to kill the stagnant livelihood at this stage. Those couples who are not able to conceive will go through a rather st agnant life as compared to those who are able to. I have met couples who are not able to conceive (due to late marriages), and most of them feel that it is not a completion of a family, and there are times in which they have thoughts of adopting children to break the monotonous life.Integrity vs. despair (60s onwards)The last phase of human life span is to be termed as having any regrets or fulfilling all tasks in life before close. My grandfather passed absent 3 months ago, and certain issues were brought up eg. (Did we, as his family members, manage to fulfill his dreams and spend quality time with him when he was still around? Was he waiting for death or hoping to get his loved ones to care for him and leave without any regrets?).

Economics Indicators :: essays papers

Economics IndicatorsInvestments The Stock-Trak investment simulation program began on August 30th, which marked the first day that trading was al lower-rankinged. A innate available amount of $300,000 was used for investing. The objective of this assignment is to maximize the value of the portfolio through November 19th, which was the last day of the trading result. I began the process of choosing specific investments for my portfolio by taking an plus allocation questionnaire (appendix I). Since the objective was to maximize portfolio value, I made sure for each question asked that I chose the answer with the most essay. My reasoning existence that having my money in risky investments will on average lead to a greater return than investments with lower risk. The objective did not mention risk tolerance, and I cute a portfolio composition with a good chance of earning exceptional returns. After completing the survey, I ended up with an aggressive asset allocation plan (app endix II). This stated that 85% of my money should be invested in stocks, while the remaining 15% of my money should be invested in bonds. I had slightly(prenominal) basic strategies that I felt would lead to my portfolio having high returns. First I felt that it was important to invest early on in the trading period so that I would not miss any positive returns the market might yield (I was fully invested by September 10th). Secondly I wanted to buy all my investments and hold them because I believe that this strategy will best maximize returns. Timing the market I felt was lucky and similarly complicated. Finally I wanted to make sure that I bought at least 25 separate assets, so that I could be properly diversified. I used the Wall Street Journal to pick my individual stocks. My personal strategy was to pick stocks that were at or near their 52 week low in price. I felt that corporations, especially those that were well known, at or near their 52 week low in price would gain m omentum. moreover I made sure that I was choosing companies that were in diverse industries. I also included some international companies as well as some relatively smaller firms to add to my portfolio. My strategy on buying bonds was to buy four bonds that had different maturity dates, and came from different issuers such as corporate and political relation bonds.

Charles V :: essays research papers

CHARLES VFEBRUARY 24, 1500 &8211 SEPTEMBER 21, 1558Charles V was born on February 24, 1500 in Ghent, which today is punter known Belgium. He was the oldest in the family so when his father died in 1506, he inherited the Netherlands and the Franche Comte, which was located in France but actually belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. He gained much more land once his maternal and paternal grandfathers died. Not since Charlemagne, in the early 9th Century, had one person dominated so much land.When Charles visited Spain for the foremost time, he realized that he wasn&8217t popular among the citizens. However, his fight against the muslim Turks and the German Protestants won him some acceptance. Though being accepted was a problem, positive the finances became a much larger one. There were many times when promising military campaigns had to be broken off due to lack of capital and at times it appeared that Charles didn&8217t much mind that such actions had to be taken.In 1519 Charles wa s elected German King and Holy Roman Emperor. So by and by his visit to Spain he went to Germany to be officially crowned king. But, he would have to wait until 1530 to become the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles was going by means of a circuit and he soon started feeling the pressures of his obligations and to add to his pressures, he would soon be going into war with France, a big competitor and persistent enemy.Charles V went through many wars, but his most were with France. The Valois kings fought the emperor for the leadership of Europe in general and for the domination of Italy in particular. Though in 1525 Charles&8217s army discomfited and captured Francis I of France at the Battle of Pavia in Italy it was thought that the war was over. But when the peace compromise was final and Francis was released, the Italian wars began again. In 1535 the Spaniards captured Milan and confirmed their domination of Italy.Finally, in stages, between 1555 through 1568, Charles V voluntarily ga ve up the throne.